Shoplifting is a crime born of poverty Essay Example for Free

Shoplifting is a crime born of poverty Essay Shoplifting means someone involve stealing from the shop during business hour. Shoplifting is an old problem for merchants. There are lots of reasons to shoplift, range from very poverty and satisfy the desires or mental illness. Although there are lots of anti-shoplifting devices in place and the increase in police patrols and offers the retailers guidance on preventive measures, the rate of shoplifting in the world is still increasing. According to the Home Office crime statistics, there was a 10 percent increase in shoplifting in United Kingdom in the year of 2009. According to the Global Retail Theft Barometer research (2009), total global shoplifting in 41 participating countries costs economic lost for around $114,823 billion. Therefore, shoplifting is a serious problem not just in the United Kingdom. The statistics from the Home Office and the research form the Centre for Retail Research showed that the shoplifting is being a serious problem in contemporary society, and this essay is going to discuss, is shoplifting is a crime born of poverty. If not, then what is the reason for people to shoplift? For the issue of shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, there are several factors that may related to the increase of shoplifting and the argument of shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, such as high unemployment rate, Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory, underclass and the relationship between capitalism and crime. Against the issue of shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, there are several factors against the argument, such as peer pressure in adolescent, drug addict, psychological elements or other adolescent psychological factors. The rest of the essay is going to analysis all the factors either for or against. According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory, this is a theory in psychology and proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation. Figure1: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs His theories parallel many other theories of human development psychology and focuses on describing the stages growth in humans. He presented his theory in a pyramid and defined the stages with Physiological, Safety, Love/belonging, Esteem and Self-actualization needs to explain the pattern that human motivations pass through. The base floor of the hierarchy  represented basic human need, which are breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis and excretion. These are necessary for human to survive in order to achieve the upper level of human wants. Moving on to the next part, which is safety needs and it included security of body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health and property. This part represents a civilization of human beings, which they are chasing for a better living standard. Then next part is Love or belonging needs, which are friendship, family and sexual intimacy. After that, Esteem needs included self-esteem confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others. The last part is self-actualization needs, which included morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice and acceptance of facts. This is the ethical and spiritual level that Maslow believed. Taking Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as an accurate portrayal of individual evolution, we could apply that to the evolution of human society, which included economically, socially and politically. Therefore the argument of this essay can be clearly explained. If a person lives without food, water and homeostasis, he may not be able to reach the upper levels of the pyramid, which included morality, safety and self-actualization. Therefore, he will commit crime like shoplifting or theft to get what he needs to survive. Most of the humans’ lacks of physiological needs are in poverty. Thus shoplifting can be said as a crime born of poverty in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory. Secondly, the relationship between capitalism and crime is a factor that makes shoplifting a crime born of poverty. Capitalism is an economic system that favours private ownership. In other words, capitalism is a system of economics under which ownership of and investment in the means of exchange, distribution and production. Therefore, most capitalism countries have the problem of inequality, which mean the gap between the rich and the poor. According to urban dictionary, capitalism is an imbalanced mechanism for distributing power where the rich and powerful get richer and more powerful, the poor get poorer. According to BBC News (2009), United Kingdom is a capitalism country, the gap between the rich and poor is very serious in UK, and the richest fifth of the population had an income 16 times greater than the poorest fifth. According to the National Equality Panel (NEP) report (2008), United States and United Kingdom are in the top 10 of inequality countries, which mean the gap between rich and poor  is very big. The rate of shoplifting in United State and United Kingdom are increasing, which means inequality will make poor people committed crime. In capitalism countries, when the gap between rich and poor become wider, the rate of crime will increase. Because capitalism is an idea that rich peoples use money to buy goods then sell to gain money but poor people don’t have money to buy goods in order to sell to gain money, so they committed shoplifting and sell the things that they stole in order to survive. Thirdly, Murray (1990) explained that there are three main characteris tics of underclass, which are illegitimacy, violent crime and economic inactivity. Shoplifting is an activity, which is economic inactive. Murray (1990) has also explained that the morally weak underclass that is unemployed is usually involved in crime and drug addiction. By analysis, the Murray research, the crime committed in shoplifting which is unemployed. According to The New York Times (2012), a single mother committed shoplifting and sells the goods in order to survive because the government had passed the 1996 welfare reform law. This case showed that there are people shoplifting because of poverty. Then, some people committed shoplifting because lack of clear purpose in life. These kinds of people often under unemployment, therefore, they live below poverty level. According to the research done by Mcshane, Lawless and Noonan (1991), 70 apprehended shoplifter aged between 18 and 88 compared to 70 undergraduate non-shoplifters, they found that shoplifters were most likely to live in poverty, to be socially isolated and not to aware psychological stressors th an those who do not shoplift. This research showed that people who live long-term under the poverty level lacks the purpose in life. Therefore, the research done by Mcshane, Lawless and Noonan (1991) proven shoplifting is a crime born of poverty. Finally, according to the UK Office For National Statistics (2012), the unemployment rate in United Kingdom was last reported at 8.3 per cent and it rose steadily. The unemployment rate has explained that the reason people shoplift is because of economic. Although the government have unemployment benefit, there are lots of people who are unemployed but do not meet the requirement to get the unemployment benefit. Therefore, shoplifting in United Kingdom still increases. The study of Ray and Briar (1988) included 200 court records and 382 self-reports and showed that shoplifters were more likely to have lower family income, be unemployed  believe that economic need causes shoplifting. However, there are lots of people who shoplift to satisfy their desires and some of them might pursue excitiement by shoplifting. Shoplifting is a psychological issue for a group of people. According to the articles National Association for Shoplifting Prevention (2006), the single largest psychological factors in around one-third of shoplifters are experiencing depression. Geyer (2001) also explained that most of the shoplifting offender is due to psychological factions. Therefore, most of the shoplifters committed shoplifting because of psychological issues more than because they are poor. Besides, according to Tonglet (2002), the decision to shoplift is influenced by social factors, pro-shoplifting attitudes, opportunities for shoplifting and perceptions of low risks in being caught. He described that shoplifting is consumer misbehaviour. BBC News Magazine (2012) also described that there is a new wave of middle-class shoplifter is targeting some high-end delicacies from stores and supermarket to have a lifestyle that they could no longer afford. The society believed that this development is caused by the ec onomic recession. On the other hand, teen’s problem is also a very important factor of shoplifting. According to the National Crime Prevention Council (2006), there are 25% of people committed shoplifting between the ages of thirteen and seventeen. The following essay is going to analysis and explain the reason that people shoplifting apart from poverty. Adolescent shoplifting is a nationwide rising problem. According to Moschis, Dena and Anthony (1990) experiment, they have surveyed 1692 teenagers from age 10 to 17 investigating shoplifting behaviour, family occupational status, rule breaking behaviour and perceived reasons for adolescent shoplifting. The result showed that shoplifting rate between the age 10 and 15 rose steadily and declined between the age 15 and 17. Moschis, Dena and Anthony (1990) concluded that there are few reasons explained that why teens shoplifting, such as chasing for excitement, peer pressure and attracting attention. For the reason of chasing for excitement, most of the teens got lots of time when they were bored and didn’t have anything better to do, they will pretend shoplifting to gain excitement. For the reason of peer pressure, it is playing a very important role on adolescent shoplifting. When their peers get a pair of expensive name brands shoes or clothes, the others will try to keep up with their peers and wear the latest. Other than that, electronics  also very popular, such as mp3 player, console, phone and other small expensive items. Most teens want to get the best and the latest leisure fashion and electronics to compete with their peers so they are faced with the lack of money to satisfy their desires, they may turn to shoplifting. Steven Gerrard said, â€Å"Being a young lad it’s hard not to give into peer pressure. I stole to fit in. I grabbed a few pens paper from Woolworths made a dash for the door but the security guy grabbed me.† Steven Gerrard is an England soccer hero, he confessed that he stole pens and nabbed by cops when he was in his early teens. This case strongly influenced that shoplifting isn’t a crime born of poverty. At last, the parent attention, many parents were very busy in their work in contemporary society so they will lack of care of their children. The child will do something in order to attract their parents’ attention. The second component that people committed shoplifting is drug users. According a study of Arrestees (2005), the study confirmed that shoplifting was the most frequent crime amongst drug users. This group of people shoplifting showed that they need to shoplift in order to fund their drug habit. Drug users usually resell the things that they steal or attempt a cash refund. The study also showed that alcohol is also a main component in shoplifting. According to BBC News (2012), most cases of shoplifting by what psychologists describe as â€Å" non-professional shoplifter â€Å", and most of them shoplifting to feed their alcohol addiction. Both drug addict and alcoholic people committed shoplifting in order to feed their drug and alcohol addiction not because of they are poverty. Thirdly, Kleptomania is an impulse control disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder or bipolar disorder. Although there are very few of shoplifters fall into this category, this type of shoplifters has a psychological compulsion to shoplifting to satisfy their desires. They will commit shoplifting whenever the urge hits. According to Tasman (2011), he explained that people with Kleptomania often report the shoplifting act and they feel of pleasure after committed shoplifting. This kind of people shoplifting is because of mental illness, most of them did not think themselves as a crime after committed shoplifting. But in contemporary society, the law enforcement agencies treated them as normal crime. As a conclusion, to discuss whether or not shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, as it has countless factors causing  people to shoplift and lots of factor proved that shoplifting is born of poverty. Almost all of the reasons that support the argument are around economic and policy, such as the unemployment rate, the unemployment welfare, capitalism and the economic depression. In another word, if the government are to carry out well policy, the shoplifting rate will decrease. Therefore, the government plays a very important role in decreasing the rate of shoplifting. On the other hand, most of the shoplifters committed shoplifting not because of poverty, there are several factors that makes people shoplift, such as Kleptomania, psychological factors, peer pressure, teens’ problem and drug users. All of the academic researches and government reports showed that most shoplifting cases are influenced by the shoplifter’s psychological factors more than poverty, such as the Steven Gerrard’s case, the reason for him committing shoplift was not due to poverty. This is why it may seem fair to say, shoplifting is not a crime born of poverty, it is a crime born of psychological factors and government policy. After all, the study of crime has been the core subject matter in criminology. There are no definite answers as to why people commit certain crimes neither has the causation been found for criminal activities. Different schools of criminology proves that there are no definite answers in the understanding of crime. References Appelbaum, A. and Klemmer, H. (2012) Shoplifting. Menninger Perspective, 5 (3), p.16-19. Bbc.co.uk (2012) BBC News Why do well-off people shoplift?. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16469928 [Accessed: 1 May 2012]. Bbc.co.uk (2010) BBC Mark Eastons UK: Is inequality iniquitous?. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/markeaston/2010/01/is_inequality_iniquitous.html [Accessed: 1 May 2012]. City-journal.org (2008) The New York Timess Welfare Myopia by Heather Mac Donald City Journal. [online] Available at: http://www.city-journal.org/2012/eon0416hm.html [Accessed: 1 May 2012]. Cox, D. et al. (1990) When Consumer Behavior Goes Bad: An Investigation of Adolescent Shoplifting.. Journal of Consumer Research, 17

Cancer Prediction Using Data Mining

Cancer Prediction Using Data Mining Cancer Disease Prediction from Horoscope of a Person Using Data Mining D. JAGADEESWARAN Abstract This paper deals with finding out the possibilities of affliction a person from cancer disease i.e. predicting cancer disease from horoscope of a person using data mining techniques. Horoscope has 12 regions each occupying 300. Each region is called a â€Å"house† that deals with different significations. There are total 9 planets that can occupy any house in a horoscope. According to position of the planets different angular combinations can be formed and these combinations are termed as â€Å"Yoga’s† that are used in predicting features of horoscope. Each house deals with different significations and the same set of combinations obtaining in a particular house might influence the different significations comprehended by the house, in different ways. To be more specific, let us consider the 4th house of a horoscope. It is supposed to signify mother, education, land and house properties. An illiterate person may possess many houses and a long-lived mother while a highly educated person may not possess any properties. This obvious discrepancy has been submissive to some extent by the introduction of a significant factor, viz., the Karaka or indicator. This paper aims at testing new horoscopes finding out different possible angular combinations present in that horoscope and to predict the possibility of cancer disease. This is also an approach to discover out whether Astrology is a scientific study and application of language of the heavenly bodies or not. Index Terms Data Mining, Horoscope reading, Horoscope classification, cancer disease prediction etc. Introduction: Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start for example, cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer; cancer that begins in melanocytes of the skin is called melanoma.Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include: Carcinoma cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. There are a number of subtypes of carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cellcarcinoma. Sarcoma cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and myeloma cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Not all tumors are cancerous; tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors arent cancerous. They can often be removed, and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Some cancers do not form tumors. For example, leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood. Cancer is a long term diseases. Thus, it is imperative that the sixth and the eighth house forma relationship with each other. This is because the sixth house determines the disease and the eighth house signifies the diseases that last long. On the other hand, Saturn and Rahu give the indications for the occurrence of diseases that last long. The position of both the houses play a significant role in analyzing the cancer. Cancer is related to Rahu, afflicted Moon, afflicted Jupiter or Saturn and also forms relations with signs including, Aries, Taurus, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn. The native has a risk of suffering from cancer when the Moon is afflicted being the lord of the sixth house or eighth house in its unfavorable dasha. The risk of suffering from cancer is also high when there are many malefic planets in one house, especially Saturn, Rahu and Mars. The native suffers from the cancer of the respective body part that is represented by the afflicted house. Neptune and Uranus facing each other in a horoscope is considered to be a highly inauspicious position. This situation can even be fatal for the native. Afflicted dashaanath in the horoscope can also give serious diseases like cancer. The dashas that come after the dasha in which the native suffers from Cancer is also analyzed. If these dashas are auspicious, or of favourable planets, or yogakaraka planets, then the disease can be diagnosed in the initial stage only and can be easily treated. Navansh kundli, shahtiyansh kundli and ashtamansha kundli should also be analyzed before reaching to any conclusion. Rahu is considered to the karaka of cancer. However, Mars and Saturn can also give this diseases. Jupiter is considered to be lord of growth and cancer takes place with the growth of dead cells in the body. The risk of cancer is also high when the the lord of the eighth or sixth house is afflicted. Rules for cancer disese: Conjunction of Sat with moon or venus. Saturn and mars aspect or vice versa Malefic lord of 6th in ,6th,8th 10th or 12th. Lord of 6th in 6th ,8th 1oth and 12th. Jupiters aspect on waning moon . Moon and venus aspect on each other. Aspect of saturn on moon or venus. Venus or moon in Rahu ,ketu axis aspected by saturn ,mars or jupiter. I found that venus played a significant role in most charts. Maha dasha or antar of Rahu . Yogas for Cancer Disease When Mars, Moon and the lord of the sixth house conjuncts each other in a horoscope along with Sun, then the person has a risk of getting cancer disease. If Moon and Saturn are in the sixth house of the horoscope, then the person can get Cancer after the age of 55. Conjunction of Jupiter, Saturn and Ketu can become the cause of Cancer. Afflicted Mars and relation of Ashlesha Nakshatra with the ascendant and the sixth house can also result in Cancer. According to Dr. B.V Raman , the risk of Cancer is high when the lord of the sixth house being a malefic is situated in the ascendant, eighth, or tenth house of the horoscope. Saturn in the afflicted state situated in the nakshatra of Rahu can also cause Cancer. When Saturn and Mars conjuncts in the sixth house in Addra or Swati nakshatra. Planets Cancer causing areas in body Planet Body Part to be effected by Cancer Sun Head (Brain), Heart, Stomach, Blood Moon Bone Marrow, Breasts, Lungs, Heart Mars Blood, Bone marrow, Reproductive organs, Uterus, Neck and Rectum Mercury Nose, Mouth, Umbilicous Jupiter Ears, Liver, Thighs, Brain Venus Troat, Reproductive organs Saturn Hands, Feet, Legs, Gums Ketu Head, Neck, Blood, Back/Spine Houses Cancer causing areas in body Malefic Planet influencing House Body Part to be effected by Cancer 1st House Brain, Head 2nd House Mouth 3rd House Throat, Neck 4th House Chest, Breasts, Lungs, Back 5th House Stomach, Blood, Bone Marrow 6th House Liver, Cancers, Pancreas 7th House Reproductive organs 8th House Rectum, Piles, Spine 9th House Thighs 10th House Knees 11th House Legs 12th House Feet In general, Saturn is always linked with all diseases (especially chronic and long term) and if cancer causing planet is in anyway associated (conjunct, aspect, in constellation, in sign) with saturn, then cancer will take long time to cure.Also if either Saturn or cancer causing planet are Retrograde in birth chart, the disease takes longer time to get cured. Saturn and Rahu influencing second house (by placement or aspect) are main reason for tobacco chewing and smoking habits. A person with these aspects should be careful and try to quit tobacco as it can lead to mouth, throat and lung cancer. General horoscope structure for diseases: HOROSCOPE CHART Is the one in which the order of the houses is fixed. It consists of four central rhomboidal houses (which are numbered 1, 4,7 and 10, starting from the upper central rhomboid) and eight triangular houses. The sign rising at the time of birth is marked in the first house or the upper central rhomboid, and the remaining signs marked in regular order in an anti-clockwise direction. CREATING A DATABASE FROM ABOVE HOROSCOPE Every horoscope contains 9 planets, 12 different signs 12 different houses. Depending on the placement of all these different angular combinations are formed. A horoscope can be identified by 11 attributes viz. Ascendant sign signs of 9 Planets. An 11th attribute may be added to represent whether the person will suffer from cancer disease or not. TABLE STRUCTURE The table structure has 11 attributes. That means sun, moon, mars, mercury, Jupiter, venus, Saturn, rajku, kethu, ascendant and cancer disease. That is represented as: Attribute Constraints Datatype Ascendent Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Rahu Ketu Cancer disease Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Varchar Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number YES/NO The values are inserted in the database as, Ascendent Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Rahu Ketu CancerDisease 2 4 4 3 4 7 4 4 2 8 NO The database can be created for many such horoscopes.This database will serve as the training set in predicting the newer dataset. The training set will contain many horoscopes (For testing, I used 2000 sample horoscope that definitely suffer from Cancer Disease 2000 sample horoscopes that do not suffer from Cancer Disease) is given as input to the classifying algorithm in WEKA. INTERFACING WEKA WITH HOROSCOPE Fig: Applying Horoscope to the WEKA WEKA (WAIKATO ENVIRONMENT FOR KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS) WEKA is a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. The algorithms can either be applied directly to a dataset or called from your own Java code. WEKA contains tools for data pre-processing, classification, regression, clustering, association rules, and visualization. It is also well suited for developing new machine learning schemes. A database created above can be given as input to the WEKA algorithm such as Neural Networks, Lazy, Decision Table etc. a model can be built up from this input. This model is then used in predicting the nature of new horoscope. RESULTS S.No Training Set Size Algorithm Accuracy (%) 1 2 3 4 6000 6000 6000 6000 DecisionTable MultilayerPerceptron J48 LWL 85 93 75 88 CONCLUSION Predicting cancer disease from horoscope of a person is successfully found using data mining techniques. References: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2012 ISSN 2250-3153 Data Mining: A Knowledge Discovery Approach, K. Cios, W. Pedrycz, R.Swiniarski, L. Kurgan, Springer, ISBN: 978-0-387-33333-5, 2007. Data Mining: Concepts, Models, Methods, and Algorithms, Mehmed Kantardzic, ISBN: 0471228524, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2002. Ian Witten and Eibe Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, 2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 0120884070,2005. WEKA manual.

First-principles Study of Spin Transport in Si-C Nanotube

First-principles Study of Spin Transport in Si-C Nanotube First-principles study of spin transport in Si-C nanotube with ferromagnetic contacts Surendra Jalu Abstract  Ã¢â‚¬â€ We perform first-principles calculations of spin-dependent quantum transport in a two-probe device, viz. Fe-SiCNT-Fe device in which (8,0) Si-C nanotube is sandwiched between two Fe electrodes. Substantial tunnel magnetoresistance and perfect spin filtration effect are obtained. The zero bias tunnel magnetoresistance is found to be several hundred percent, it reduces monotonically till the bias voltage 0.4 V, sees marginal increase at the bias of 0.6 V, and eventually goes to nearly zero after the bias voltage of about 1 V. The spin injection factor is 100% at the zero bias, it reduces sharply to 57% at the bias of 0.4 V, and remains reasonably high, in the range of 60%-75%, after the bias voltage of 0.6 V when the magnetic configurations of two electrodes are parallel. The spin-dependent non-equilibrium transport features can be understood by analyzing microscopic details of the transmission coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cients. Keywords — First-principles; Tunnel magnetoresistance(TMR); Spin injection; One-dimensional; Spin filter I. Introduction Si-C crystals have unique properties, including thermal stability, chemical inertness, high thermal conductivity, and others. These properties make Si-C materials an appropriate candidate for fabricating electronic devices operating in high power, high temperature environments. Recently synthesized Si-C nanometer materials, such as nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes, have attracted tremendous interest (1-4). These materials obviously broadened the application range of the Si-C crystals, especially in fabricating nanometer gas sensors, electronic devices, field emitters and other novel devices. Silicon carbide nanotubes have a great potential for application in chemical and biological sensors (Taguchia et al 2005a; Xie et al 2007). Recently, scientists have suggested to make silicon carbide nanotubes (SiCNTs) as a possible alternative to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for field emitting applications (Taguchia et al 2005b; Alfieri and Kimoto 2010), which has boosted the interest for SiCNTs and several studies on the electronic properties of SiCNTs can be found in the literature (Mavrandonakis et al 2003; Mpourmpakis et al 2006; Larina et al 2007; Muralidharan et al 2007; Wu and Guo 2007; Lakshmi et al 2008; Moradian et al 2008; Raidongia et al 2008; Voggu et al 2008; Wu et al 2008; Manna and Pati 2010; Zheng et al 2010). It is well known that CNTs undergo a semiconductor to metal transition (SMT) (Ren et al 2009) or metal to semiconductor transition (MST) (Lu et al 2003) when deformed. Therefore, it is of interest to understand how the semiconducting (8,0) SiCNT would behave when i t is brought in contact with ferromagnetic electrodes. On account of important applications in magnetoresistive random access memory [1], programmable logic elements [2] and magnetic sensors, the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effects in systems with spin-polarized transport are at the heart of spintronics [3] and attract many theoretical and experimental investigations. A basic magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) device consists of tunnel barrier separating two ferromagnetic (FM) layers which play the role of device leads. During a tunneling process, the spin-up and spin-down electrons from the metal layers traverse the nonmagnetic tunnel barrier with different Fermi wave function due to electronic structure of the ferromagnetic material. The electrical resistance of MTJ is therefore sensitive to the relative orientation of the magnetic configuration of the electrodes, resulting to a TMR [4]. Hence, the MTJs behave as spin valves [4–8]. It is possible to control the orientation of magnetic moments by imposing an external magnetic field in experiments [9,10]. It is important to note that, MgO-based MTJ has progressed at a rapid pace in recent years and produced the highest measured TMR at room temperature. When the electrodes and the tunnel barrier are all one-dimensional (1D) materials such as nanowires or nanotubes, it is experimentally feasible to achieve MTJ at the 1D scale. It is worth mentioning that Wang et al. [12] construct a 1D TMJ using Fe-doped carbon nanotubes and theoretically investigate its spin-dependent transport properties. What is a pity that, the zero bias magnetoresistance ratio is only ∠¼ 40%, which may restrict the spintronics applications in nanodevices where the large magnetoresistance ratio is desirable. Here, we theoretically investigate the spin-polarized transport of a 1D MTJ constructed by (8,0) SiCNT in contact with FM(Fe) electrodes. It is observed that (8,0) SiCNTs are semiconducting and we believe that it can be used as a tunnel barrier for 1D or molecular-scaled MTJ. In our work, We have chosen (8,0) SiCNT as the tunnel barrier and two semi-infinite FM materials, namely Fe, as electrodes. Significant TMR and perfect spin filtration effect are obt ained according to the first-principles calculations of spin-polarized quantum transport by adopting non-equilibrium Green’s function method combined with density-functional theory. TMR has already led to the construction of the present generation of magnetic data storage devices. However, in order to reach storage densities of the order of Terabit/inch2, a substantial down-scaling of the read/write devices is extensively expected. Such 1D MTJ and spin filter with diameter less than 1 nm may realize the storage densities of the order of Terabit/inch2 and hold promise for extensive spintronics applications of nanodevices. II. Model and method Our investigation is based on a recently developed self-consistent first-principles technique which combines the Keldysh non-equilibrium Green’s-function formalism (NEGF) with a self-consistent density-functional theory (DFT). The package we use is the Atomistix Toolkit [20], which incorporates the NEGF technique into the well tested SIESTA method [21] to realize the simulation of electrical or spin-polarized quantum transport in the molecular conductors under non-equilibrium situations. In the calculation, the local density approximation (LDA) in the form of the Perdew and Zunger [22] (perdew burke ernzerhof) exchange-correlation functional is used. Only valence electrons are self-consistently calculated, and the atomic cores are described by standard norm conserving pseudopotential [23]. The valence wave functions are expanded by the localized numerical (pseudo) atom orbitals [24]. The k-points sampling is 3, 3, and 200 in the x, y, and z direction, which has been proven to be enough to give the converged results. The convergence criterion for the Hamiltonian, charge density, and band-structure energy is 10-5 via the mixture of the Hamiltonian. The positions of C and Fe atoms at the interface of the device are relaxed until the force tolerance 0.05 eV/Ã… is achieved. The spin-current (spin-polarized charge current) is calculated [25] as I↑(↓) = e/h ∠« T↑(↓)(E, Vb) [F(E − ÃŽ ¼L) – F(E −  µR)] dE [R] Where F is the Fermi–Dirac distribution, ÃŽ ¼L and ÃŽ ¼R are the chemical potentials of left-electrode (L) and right-electrode (R) respectively, T↑(↓)(E, Vb) is the transmission coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient for spin channel ( ↑ , ↓ ) at the energy E and bias voltage Vb. While building SiCNT, it is utterly important to use optimum bond-length between Si and C atoms to obtain correct results which in our case, as mentioned in various literatures, is 1.78 Ã…. We couldn’t find the optimum bond-length between C and Fe atoms in literature but we were able to optimize a geometry that consisted of only a few atoms of Fe and C and this way we found the optimum bond-length between Fe and C atoms to be 2.04 Ã… (Fig. 4 (b)). The whole system (Fig. R) is divided into three parts from left to right in practical theoretical simulations: the left electrode, the central scattering region, and the right electrode. The left electrode and right electrode are exactly the same and are made of Fe atoms. Si-C nanotube acts as central scattering region between two electrodes. The whole structure contains 328 atoms (192 Fe, 72 C, 64 Si). 4 (a) 4 (b) Fig. 4(a) Fe-C bond-lengths in non-optimized geometry 4(b) Fe-C bond lengths in optimized geometry Fig. 4(c) Fe-SiCNT-Fe device III. results and discussions Fig. 2(a) and (b) plot the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics for the parallel magnetization configuration (PC) and the antiparallel magnetization configuration (APC) of the two electrodes, respectively. In the case of PC, the spin-up current (I↑) are always much larger than the spin-up current (I↓). The I↑ increases steeply with bias voltage especially after the bias of 0.8 V while on the other hand I↓ is almost negligibly small compared to I↑ at almost all bias voltages. The total equilibrium conductance of 0.0022G0 is found at zero bias, where G0 is the conductance quanta, G0 = 2e2/h. In the case of APC, I↑ and I↓ have almost the same values at all bias voltages. The total equilibrium conductance of 0.0095G0 is found at zero bias. From the I–V curves, we infer a TMR ratio using the common definition: TMR = (IAPC − IPC)/IAPC, where IPC and IAPC are the total currents in PC and APC, respectively. At Vb = 0 when all currents vanish, we calculate TMR using equilibrium conductance. Fig. 2(c) shows the TMR, where the RTMR ∠¼ 322% at zero bias is obtained, which indicate in the perfect tunneling magnetoresistance effect. It sharply decreases to ~ 80% at the bias voltage of 0.4 V, sees slight increase at the bias voltage of 0.6 V and gets reduced to almost zero after the bias voltage of 1 V. The TMR decrease with bias voltages because IPC increases at higher rate with bias voltages than IAPC. It is possible for TMR to assume negative value but in our case no such behavior is observed. The device structure presented here indeed has substantial TMR and could be utilized for spintronics applications. The spin-injection factor ÃŽ · which is defined by spin currents: ÃŽ · = mod(I↑ I↓) / (I↑ + I↓) are plotted in Fig. 2(d). At the bias voltage of 0.0 V, the current is 0 A and hence we use the equilibrium conductance represent current. For the case of PC, ÃŽ · is 99% at the zero bias, it monotonically reduces to 57% at the bias voltage of 0.4 and it increases and remains fairly within large values once the bias voltage goes beyond 0.4 V. The spin-injection factor ÃŽ · is as large as ~73% at the bias of 1.2 V and may even improve at higher bias voltages. For the case of APC, the ÃŽ · is meager ~49% at the zero bias. It’s dramatic that it reaches ~85% at the bias voltage of 0.2 V but then it keeps reducing with increase in bias voltages and attains very negligible values at the bias of about 1 V to 1.2 V. From Fig.R it is observed that in the case of PC the spin filtration effect manifests itself very clearly when the bias is above 0.4 V while in the case of APC no such effect is seen. The source of this behavior maybe originates from the quantum size effect which results in the quantized subbands in the cross section of 1D electrode. Detailed analysis is in the below. Spin injection into semiconductors has been measured experimentally using the optical techniques [26,27]. Such 1D TMJ contr olled spin injection into semiconductors should occur in devices that are smaller than a spin relaxation length in extent and have resistance that is limited by the insulating BNNT. The voltage dependent of spin current, TMR ratio and spin-injection factor can be understood from the behavior of the transmission coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cients [ T (E, Vb) ] , since the current is essentially given by the energy integral of the T (E, Vb) over the bias window [see Eq. (1)]. The T (E, Vb) for several bias are shown in Fig. 3, where the (a) and (b) are spin-up and spin- down channel of PC setup respectively and the (c) and (d) are spin-up and spin-down channel of APC setup respectively. For both PC and APC setup, these bias-depended T(E,Vb) have several sharp peaks especially after the bias of 0.35 V, due to quantized subbands in the cross section of the 1D electrodes, already mentioned above. The spin up channel contribute to the T(E,Vb) above the Fermi level and spin-down channel contribute both above and below the Fermi level. Refer to the notation from molecular transport theory [28] we can deduce that the spin-up channel conductance is through the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) while the spin-down channel conductance is through both the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and LUMO of pristine (6,0) BNNT in scattering region. From Fig. 3(a), one can see that the T (E, Vb) shifts to high energy but roughly maintains its shape when bias increases. The T (E, Vb) are all almost absolutely inhibited in spin-up channels around Fermi level, while in the spin-down channel the T (E, Vb) is smooth and several orders of magnitude larger than in spin-up channel around Fermi level. This is why the I↓ linearly increases while the I↑ is inhibited under the bias of 0.75 V, already discussed above for Fig. 2(a). As the bias increases, the electrochemical potential in the left electrode (ÃŽ ¼L) is shifted down, and that in the right electrode (ÃŽ ¼R) is shifted up. Hence, the bands in the two electrodes are shifted correspondingly [29–32]. When the bias increase beyond 0.75 V, a little resonance states A1 are induced around Fermi level showed in Fig. 3(a) for the bias of 0.75, 0.95 and 1.15 V, which originate from the alignment of the LUMO of left electrode with the HOMO of right electrode in spin-up channel because the bands in the two electrodes are shifted. These resonance states significantly enhance as bias increasing, which result in the rapid increase about I↑ after the bias of 0.75 V. Consequently, the rapid increase of I↑ also leads to the rapid decrease about ÃŽ · for PC setup after 0.75 V, already discussed above for Fig. 2(c). The bias dependent T (E, Vb) for APC setup are more complex than PC setup. From Fig. 3(c), one can see that the T (E, Vb) in spin-up channel roughly maintains its shape when bias increases. A little resonance states A2 below Fermi level, which presents for the bias of 0.00 and 0.15 V are removed after the bias of 0.15 V. As the bias increase, only a little resonance states above the Fermi level enter to the transport window (i.e., the part of transmission function in the bias window integrated to obtain the current) and contribute to the I↑, which result in very slow increase of the I↑. After the bias of 0.15 V, the T (E, Vb) shifts to larger energy and large resonance states are induced around Fermi level due to the alignment of spin-down states around Fermi level of left electrode with HOMO of right electrode in spin-down channel because the bands in the two electrodes are shifted. These induced resonance states continuously enhance as bias increase, which result in r apid increase of I↓. Eventually, the total current for APC setup exceed PC setup after the bias of 0.75 V, result in negative RTMR, already discussed above for Fig. 2(c). As mentioned above, the quantum size effect leads to the quantized subbands in the cross section of 1D electrode. Hence, there are two peaks in the induced resonance states around Fermi level after the bias of 0.35 V, showed in Fig. 3(d). When T (E, Vb) continuously shifts to higher energies, these two peaks pass the Fermi level one by one, which cause the oscillation about the spin-down conductance. Thus, the spin injection factor ÃŽ · is oscillating with bias in the APC setup. IV. conclusion We theoretically investigate the spin-polarized transport properties of V atoms doped (6,0) single-wall BNNT using non-equilibrium Green’s-function formalism with a self-consistent density- functional theory. The RTMR is as high as 789% at the bias of 0.05 V. It decays to zero and eventually to negative values when bias is increased. The ratio of spin injection is not below 99% until the bias of 0.55 V when the magnetic configurations of two electrodes are parallel. When the magnetic configurations of two electrodes are antiparallel, the ratio of spin injection oscillates with the bias. Our calculations indicate that it could design perfect 1D MTJs and spin filter using TMs doped BNNTs. The perfect TMR effect and spin filter effect are obtained. References The template will number citations consecutively within brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not use â€Å"Ref. [3]† or â€Å"reference [3]† except at the beginning of a sentence: â€Å"Reference [3] was the first † Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters for table footnotes. Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names; do not use â€Å"et al.†. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as â€Å"unpublished† [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as â€Å"in press† [5]. Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [6]. G. Eason, B. Noble, and I.N. Sneddon, â€Å"On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,† Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529-551, April 1955. (references) J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68-73. I.S. Jacobs and C.P. Bean, â€Å"Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,† in Magnetism, vol. III, G.T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271-350. K. Elissa, â€Å"Title of paper if known,† unpublished. R. Nicole, â€Å"Title of paper with only first word capitalized,† J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press. Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, â€Å"Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,† IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982]. M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.

Pro War in Iraq Essay -- War Wars Argumentative persuasive Essays

Pro War in Iraq I do not subscribe to the fashionable notion of moral equivalence between all deeply-held beliefs. I believe in the rights of the individual over the collective. I believe democracy is better than dictatorship, both morally and practically. Not necessarily democracy as we or the Americans or the French practice it, but the idea that in every possible practical way, you should let people make their own decisions, and if these decisions need to be circumscribed in any way, then you should only do it with the explicit approval of a majority of the people in question. And above all that a people must be able to change governments and leaders without resorting to force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So my ongoing position is that I am not comfortable with a world in which there are prosperous democracies and failing dictatorships, and we are supposed not to notice because somehow it would be disrespectful of the people living under the dictatorships. I don’t buy it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The problem, of course, is that many peoples currently living under dictatorships might, if asked right now, come up with some deeply unpleasant policy decisions. They might even vote against democracy, saying they don’t want it. This is the worry in many countries with an Islamic fundamentalism problem: if they can get a majority the fundamentalists are committed to democracy under the slogan â€Å"one man, one vote, just this once†. That is not democracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Democracy needs certain conditions to get started. It is an eco-system, not a single tree, you can’t just plant it and sit back in its shade. But once it is established, it is hard to uproot. People talk about democracy needing a democratic â€Å"culture†, but culture is the wrong word, it makes it sound subjective. What it really needs is a universal foundation based on respect for the individual: freedom of speech, freedom of association, primacy of the rule of law, relinquishing the use of political violence, the rights of women to participate fully in economic, social and political life. It may be the case that these values are most clearly held in Northern Europe, North America and the English-speaking world. But they are not western values: they are all founded in the primacy of the rights of the individual. Where these values have had a chance to become established in other cultures, they take root. Southern and Eastern Europe, Japan a... ... under any circumstances, is unequivocal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apart from the obvious point that all UN members are always selective about which resolutions they get involved in implementing, it is worth reading Resolution 242 itself. Sure enough, it requires â€Å"Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict†. At the same time, however, it requires â€Å"Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgement of the sovereignty, territorial peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force.† The State referred to in the second part is, of course, Israel; the claims, threats, territorial incursions and violence are those visited on it by its neighbors since its creation and acknowledgement by the UN. The resolutions against Saddam Hussein were unilateral and unequivocal. They are materially different from resolutions that present a package of requirements that have to be carried out by both sides in a conflict, and whose implementation is going to require the cooperation of both sides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And there you have it. I think the intervention is morally justified, practically required, and legally based.

Mitochondria :: essays research papers

Mitochondria Mitochondria are responsible for energy production. They are also the responsible location for which respiration takes place. Mitochondria contain enzymes that help convert food material into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which can be used directly by the cell as an energy source. Mitochondria tend to be concentrated near cellular structures that require large inputs of energy, such as the flagellum. The role of the mitochondria is very important in respiration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate or fatty acids, can be further oxidized in the mitochondria. Each mitochondrion is enclosed by two membranes separated by an intermembrane space. The intermembrane space extends into the folds of the inner membrane called cristae which dramatically increase the surface area of the inner membrane. Cristae extend into a dense material called the matrix, an area which contains RNA, DNA, proteins, ribosomes and range of solutes. This is similar to the contents of the chloroplast stroma and like the chloroplast, the mitochondrion is a semi-autonomous organelles containing the machinery for the production of some of its own proteins. The main function of the mitochondrion is the oxidation of the pyruvate derived from glycolysis and related processes to produce the ATP required to perform cellular work.(Campbell 182-9)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pyruvate, or fatty acids from the breakdown of triglycerides or phospholipids, pass easily through pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane made up of a channel protein called porin. The inner membrane is a more significant barrier and specific transport proteins exist to carry pyruvate and fatty acids into the matrix. Once inside the matrix, pyruvate and fatty acids are converted to the two carbon compound acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). For pyruvate this involves a decarboxylation step which removes one of the three carbons of pyruvate as carbon dioxide. The energy released by the oxidation of pyruvate at this stage is used to reduce NAD to NADH. (185)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The C2 acetyl CoA is then taken into a sequence of reactions known as Krebs cycle which completes the oxidation of carbon and regenerates an acceptor to keep the cycle going. The oxidation of the carbon is accompanied by the reduction of electron acceptors and the production of some ATP by substrate phosphorylation. The C2 acetyl CoA is coupled to oxaloacetate, a C4 acceptor in the cycle. The product is citrate a C6 compound. This first product, citrate, is the reason the cycle is sometimes called the citric acid or ticarboxylic acid cycle, referring it after the scientist whose lab most advanced our understanding of it, Sir Hans Krebs. (Comptons 160)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two of the early reactions of the cycle are decarboxylations which shorten citrate to succinate a C4 compound.

Subject-Object Relation in Mullâ Sadrâ’s Theory of Knowledge :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Subject-Object Relation in Mullà ¢ Sadrà ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Theory of Knowledge ABSTRACT: Dividing knowledge to knowledge by presence and knowledge by representation, Mullà ¢ Sadrà ¢ treats the subject-object relation with regard to each one of them differently. In the former, the subject is united with the object, or rather they are one, and the reality of knowledge is this very unity. In this type of knowledge, there is no medium. Such unity culminates, on the one hand, in knowledge by presence comprehensively and completely conveying the objective reality, and in its untransferability on the other. By contrast, in knowledge by representation, the subject experiences another kind of relation to the object of knowledge thanks to the presence of a medium in the subject’s mind, called "mental form." Mullà ¢ Sadrà ¢ considers mental forms as the mental existence of the same quiddities (mà ¢hà ®yyà ¢t) existing in the external world. The only difference is that they have another type of existence. In this essay, I argue that this approach is congruent with the principality of quiddity, which is rejected by Mullà ¢ Sadrà ¢. To be consistent with the basic pillar of Mullà ¢ Sadrà ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s philosophy, viz., the principle of existence, I hold that one should begin with the continuity of existence through mental, imagery and external worlds from which the mind abstracts the same quiddity, not vice versa. The problem of the interaction between subject and object in the process of cognition is a crucial issue in a theory of knowledge. Cognition, a unique window on the objective world, has captured the attention and motivated research and debate by scholars in a wide variety of fields over millennia. In all discussions regarding the phenomenon of knowledge, one question has always been raised no matter what the approach, method or focus of inquiry employed. For Kant, the distinction between nomenon and phenomenon and the determination of categories were major concerns. For the psychology of sensation and perception, the search continues for scientific methods to settle the extent to which an individual vis à   vis the environment effects the content, as well as the form, of sensory perception. In the tradition of Islamic philosophy, discussion revolves around the relation between ‘à ¢lim and ma‘là »m (knower and known). The question, expressed more precisely is: How much of what we know can be credited to objective reality per se, and how much is the creation, influence, or interference, of our mental power? It might also be asked how much and in what ways this influence alters the reality of the object of our cognitive system.

A Person Who Is Trying to Study

WR7 – 1 Week Seven Homework No-Name Name: Writing Assignment Task WR7. 0 1. Knowledge Assessment: Lesson 8 – Managing Users and Computers (50 points). a. Fill in the Blank: Complete the following sentences by entering the correct word or words in the blanks: 1. In a case where multiple PSOs are configured for a particular user, Active Directory will determine which one to apply by using the PSO's precedence . 2. You can automatically add a technical support user to the local Administrators group of each domain workstation by using Restricted groups . 3. The pupate. exe command allows you to manually refresh Group Policy settings on a particular computer. 4. Tattooing refers to a Group Policy setting that is not removed when the GPO setting reverts to â€Å"Not Configured. † 5. You would audit account logon events to determine who is authenticating against your Active Directory domain controllers. 6. Each Active Directory domain controller acts as a(n) to enable t he distribution of Kerberos tickets. 7. folder redirection Key distribution center allows you to configure a user's Documents, Desktop, and other folders o that they are stored on a network drive rather than the local computer. 8. Settings in the kerberos poloicies section of Group Policy allow you to configure the maximum allowable clock skew between a client and a domain controller. 9. Auditing for Policy change events will alert you when a change is made to User Rights assignments, IPSec policies, or trust relationships. 10. You can create a consistent service startup configuration for multiple computers by using the system services node in Group Policy Knowledge assessment continues on the next pageIT222 Microsoft Network Operating System II b. Select the correct answer. c WR7 – 2 1. What type of object will you create to enable multiple password policies within a Windows Server 2008 domain? a. msDS-MinimumPasswordLength b. msDS-MultiplePasswordPolicies c. PasswordSetting sObject (PSO) d. msDS-PasswordObject b 2. Which configuration item has a default value of 90 minutes for workstations and member servers, with a random offset of 0 to 30 minutes to optimize network performance? a. Refresh time b. Refresh interval c. Clock skew d. Clock interval d . To determine which users are accessing resources on a particular member server in an Active Directory domain, which event type would you audit? a. Account logon event b. Policy change event c. Account management event d. Logon event a 4. Monitoring a system such as Active Directory for the success and/or failure of specific user actions is called a. auditing b. inspecting c. scanning d. sniffing c 5. Which audit category includes events such as server startup and shutdown, time changes, and clearing the security log within the Windows Event Viewer? . Process tracking b. Privileged use c. System Events d. Policy management Knowledge assessment continues on the next page WR7 – 3 Week Seven Assignment s a 6. Which feature allows you to control how much space a user can take on a particular hard drive volume, configurable via Group Policy? a. Disk quotas b. Folder redirection c. Offline files d. Object access auditing d 7. To prevent users from re-using a certain number of network passwords, what can you configure as part of a domain-wide policy or as part of a Fine-Grained Password Policy? . Minimum password length b. Minimum password age c. Maximum password age d. Enforce password history b 8. A PasswordSettingsObject (PSO) within Active Directory is also known as which type of object? a. msDS-PasswordSettingsPrecedence b. msDS-PasswordSettings c. msDS-PasswordComplexityEnabled d. msDS-MinimumPasswordLength c 9. Which Group Policy feature allows users to access user files when the user is disconnected from the corporate network? a. Folder redirection b. Disk quotas c. Offline files d. Object access auditing b 10.Which audit event type is triggered when user or group accounts are created, deleted, renamed, enabled, or disabled? a. Account logon events b. Account management events c. Privileged use events d. Policy management events IT222 Microsoft Network Operating System II 1. Knowledge Assessment: Lesson 9 – Software Distribution (50 points). a. Match the following definitions with the appropriate term. WR7 – 4 Definition a. This feature of Group Policy software installation will automatically reinstall critical application files if they are accidentally or maliciously deleted. . Group Policy software installations rely on this file type to create an installation package that can be cleanly Assigned and Published and that has self-healing capabilities. c. This Default Security Level in Software Restriction Policies will disallow any executable that requires administrative rights to run. d. This Group Policy software installation option is not available in the Computer Configuration node. e. When deploying software with Group Policy, you need to create one or more of these to house the installation files for the applications that you wish to eploy. f. his software restriction policy rule will prevent executables from running if they have been modified in any way by a user, virus, or piece of malware. g. If you need to deploy a software installation package that does not have an . msi file available, you can create one of these as an alternative. h. This describes a series of bytes with a fixed length that uniquely identifies a program or file. i. This software restriction policy rule will allow or prevent applications from running that are located within a particular folder or subfolder. j.This GPO software installation method can be used to automatically install an application when a computer starts up or a user logs in. g j Term Zap file Assign Basic User Hash Path Rule Publish Self-healing Distribution Share Msi file Hash Rule c h i d a e b f WR7 – 5 Week Seven Homework b. Select the correct answer. c 1. Which of the following rule types apply only to Windows Installer packages? a. Hash rules b. Certificate rules c. Internet zone rules d. Path rules d 2. Which file type is used by Windows Installer? a. .inf b. .bat c. .msf d. .msi file c 3.Which of the following is not one of the Default Security Levels that can be used with a software restriction policy? a. Basic User b. Unrestricted c. Restricted d. Disallowed d 4. As part of your efforts to deploy all new applications using Group Policy, you discover that several of the applications you wish to deploy do not include the necessary installer files. What can you use to deploy these applications? a. Software restriction policies b. .msi files c. .mdb files d. .zap files b 5. Which of the following describes the mathematical equation that creates a digital â€Å"fingerprint† of a particular file? . Hash rule b. Hash algorithm c. Software restriction policy d. Path rule IT222 Microsoft Network Operating System II d WR7 – 6 6. Which of the following rules will allow or disallow a script or a Windows Installer file to run on the basis of how the file has been signed? a. Path rule b. Hash rule c. Network zone rule d. Certificate rule c 7. You wish to deploy several software applications using Group Policy, such that the applications can be manually installed by the users from the Add/Remove Programs applet in their local Control Panel.Which installation option should you select? a. Assign b. Disallowed c. Publish d. Unrestricted b 8. You have assigned several applications using GPOs. Users have complained that there is a delay when they double-click on the application icon, which you know is the result of the application being installed in the background. What option can you use to pre-install assigned applications when users log on or power on their computers? a. Uninstall when the application falls out of scope b. Install This Application At Logon c. Advanced Installation Mode d.Path rule b 9. Which of th e following is used to develop information systems software through a structured process that includes analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance? a. Hash algorithm b. System Development Life Cycle c. Software Restriction Policy d. Group Policy Object c 10. Which of the following Default Security Levels in Software Restriction Policies will disallow any executable from running that has not been explicitly enabled by the Active Directory administrator? a. Basic User b. Restricted c. Disallowed d. Power User