Differences Between Classical Economics And Neoclassical...

There are many differences between mainstream economics/neoclassical economics and political economics. Currently, mainstream and neoclassical economics are the dominant approach in economics. They use math to prove theories and to forecast events. If someone progresses as an economics major, they will enroll in statistic classes and econometrics, which is more quantitative. Since mainstream and neoclassical economics are more measurable, there is a higher chance for error. In order to ensure the work is scholarly, it is important to make sure one confirms their calculations. Furthermore, in neoclassical economics, there are many more assumptions. An assumption is an â€Å"if† statement that many economists use to explain their thoughts.†¦show more content†¦Conservative, radical and liberal economists would respond to this topic in a variety of ways. Liberals can’t agree with economic stability, as they want wealth spread out equally among the population. They also don’t like the byproducts of economic growth, such as pollution. A liberal economist would want to have government intervention, so they can help pass laws on climate change. A liberal economist goal would be to set restrictions on pollution in order to mitigate climate change. A liberal focuses on future generations and how today s society can save the climate for one s kids and future generations. A Conservative ideology is that people take advantage of government aid, and therefore refuse to seek employment. In addition, they don’t feel government regulations are necessary and run on the assumption that the markets are perfect. A conservative economist would reduce environmental regulations. Their mindset is that it s not vital to worry about future generations. They are mainly focused on the present and have the mentality that the byproducts of production are not an issue to the environment. They disagree with the liberal party, mainly due to the fact that t hey view climate change as something we shouldn t worry about. As seen in the news, Trump is a great example of a conservative economist. He withdrew the U.S from the Paris climate agreement. He doesn’t want restrictions holding back businesses. If there were restrictions on climate changeShow MoreRelatedEconomic Growth Theories and Models, A section of a Research Paper1524 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature review Classical Theory of Economic Growth Harrod Domar Growth Model The Neoclassical growth Model Empirical literature 2.1 Theoretical Literature The long history of ideas on economic growth started from the classical economists like Adam Smith, Robert Malthus, Ricardo and Marx. For more than three decades the Neoclassical and the Endogenous Growth theories were arguing and forwarding economic reasons on trend of economic growth through investment as a general and private investmentRead MoreThe Political Economy Of Communication792 Words   |  4 Pagesits origin in Greek and inspiration from the Classical Political Economy. Apart from the Classical Political Economy, this essay also describes other forms of this approach, such as Critical Political Economy and Neoclassical Political Economy. Latter the characteristics of political economy study are also discussed based on Vincent Mosco’s work in the 1990s. The part of communication starts by defining the concept of communication in a political-economic way. To understand deeply the political economyRead MoreExamples Of Neoclassical Organizational Theory909 Words   |  4 PagesNeoclassical model: Over time, researchers began to challenge the previous scholars that came before them and began to develop perspectives that moved away from the mechanistic views of classical organizational theory in which human beings act as different parts to that machine to an approach that attempts to account for internal and external environments. This multi-dimension approach is considered an intellectual merger of most prior schools of thought beginning with neoclassical. NeoclassicalRead MoreThe United States Of Inequality Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesrealities we face in our country today, with regards to income inequality. Income inequality in the United States is at a rise. And the sobering factor is that so little is being done to address this issue. According to a new study by researchers at the Economic Policy Institute, forces of rising inequality are operating at an all-time high throughout the United States. The study, â€Å"which measures income inequality by state, metro area and county, shows that inequality has risen in every state since the 1970sRead MoreClassical Vs. Neoclassical Theory1846 Words   |  8 Pagesof political economy and mainstream economics, however, in today’s context it is not often discussed. This being true, the debate surrounding value and how to define it remains an important one for today’s society. The debate when looked at from the classical and neoclassical perspective centres on whether value is inherent or whether it is an outcome of human desires, comparing Ricardo’s labour theory of value and Smith’s adding up theory with the neoclassical school’s focus on demand and supplyRead MoreThe Strength of Competitive Analysis905 Words   |  4 Pagesand its differences from the neoclassical competition theory, the limitations of the proposition will be discussed. A NEW APPROACH TO COMPETITION: Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition (CATC) Hunt and Morgans CATC is drawn on the evolving resource-based theory of competition, the studies on marketing and industrial organization economics, the theory of competitive rationality form Austrian economists and the theory of differential advantage from marketing and economics. (Hunt,Read MoreWhy Are Some Countries Rich While Others Poor?1502 Words   |  7 Pagesothers poor. This is a question about economic growth. Take Korea for example. Korea had been divided into North and South Korea since 1948. These two countries share nearly the same geography, history and culture. However, the GDP per capita in the South Korea is only 3.22% of the South Korea. Another phenomenon is that the rapid growth had been observed in East Asian in recent years. This is another key economic issue: whether the growth rate of poor economics are higher than developed ones and whichRead MoreThe Theory Of Economic Growth Theory1703 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature review As an important and popular issue in the field of economic research, it attracts many economists and there are many models to explain economic growth. In the history of the development of economic growth theories, there are three important stages which are the Classical Growth theory, the Neoclassical Growth theory and the Endogenous Growth theory. To start with, the Classical Growth theory is based on the Keynesian theory and the representative one is the Harrod–Domar model. ItRead MoreTenets of Neoclassical Economy2154 Words   |  9 Pagesacademic essay is to discuss the main tenets of neoclassical economic liberalism, explain whether less developed countries should entirely depend on developed countries not and give the reasons. According to Schumpeter (1954), the classical school of economics was developed in the 1750 and lasted as the mainstream of economic thought until the late 1800. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nation book published in 1776 can be used as the formal beginning of classical economics but it actually evolved over a period ofRead MoreEntrepreneurship Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesentrepreneurship from Cantillon emphasis on taking risk to venture into a business. Van Praag (2005) divides entrepreneurship concept into five different groups which are classical approach, neoclassical approach, Schumpeterian, Knightian, and neo-Austrian approach. Each concept will be discussed separately. 3.1 The classical approach According to van Praag (2005) the famous French economist, Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832) seemed to be the first expert who added managerial role into entrepreneur

The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1488 Words

The True Contemporary In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letter becomes more poignant. The acknowledgement of the letter and her sins, removes the subconscious power that it holds over her and in determining who she is. While exploring the obedience of her society under the rules and regulations of the Bible. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s depiction of Hester Prynne makes her a true contemporary of the 17th century. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter, shares revolutionary new ideas about independence, and the struggles that women were faced with in 17th century Boston, Massachusetts. Hester s constant struggle to discover where she belongs within the Puritan community changes throughout the novel, and so does her relationship towards the Puritan patriarchal authority. The narrator presents Hester as submissive and well-aware of her guilt in accepting her punishment. In the 1850’s when the novel was published, feminism was not widely supported. She only acted upon what she wanted, like her sexual desires; despiteShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, bein g a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of his anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statementsRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1172 Words   |  5 Pagesfreedom, peace, and introspection. However, until the last century, the wilderness was often regarded with fear and resentment. Written long before John Muir and the conservation movement, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was well ahead of its time for its depiction of wilderness. In The Scarlet Letter, Arthur Dimmesdale leaves the beaten path and seeks refuge in the forest. There, he gains the strength and willpower to throw off seven years of hopelessness and take his fate into his own hands

Promissory Estoppel and Contract Law

Question: Discuss what the term sufficient means in this context and whether the statement is accurate in regards to Australian contract law.? Answer: The modern doctrine of consideration originated from the judgment of Lush J in the case of Currie v Misa ((1875) LR 10 EX 153) where he defined consideration as: some interest, profit, right or benefit accrued to one party or some loss, forbearance, responsibility or detriment either undertaken, suffered or given by the other person. This definition introduced the notion of consideration to be no promise can be made enforceable unless the promisee has agreed to give something in exchange of the promise. The doctrine of consideration emerged in England in the 19th century. Whilst the exact origin of the doctrine cannot be recognized categorically, the roots of the concept can be outlined from the medieval times. It is of great importance that the doctrine of the consideration has been recognized by law as a promise which itself is a valid consideration for another partys promise. The concept of the doctrine has been adopted in Australia from the year 1788. Consideration is defined as a price for a promise made by the promissor to the promisee. Consideration is considered as an essential element to form a valid contract[1]. It makes the contract legally binding and enforceable by law. Sir Francis Pollock defines consideration as the promise is the price for which the promise of the other is procured and the promise made for the price is enforceable[2]. The doctrine of consideration must be sufficient and need not be adequate. Sufficiency and adequacy, in simple words, have similar meanings. However, in the legal parlance, the term adequacy signifies those situations where the price paid by a party is not proportionate to the price of what the party gets in exchange. A consideration is said to be sufficient in the legal parlance, it must be of some monetary value. A consideration besides amounting to monetary value, a consideration must be enough to be enforceable and recognized by law[3]. The doctrine of consideration must be made by the promisee but it may not e ssentially move to the promisor. Consideration is often proved to be more beneficial to the promissor or in other words, it is detrimental to the promisee. The consideration doctrine is defined as the price demanded by the promisor in return of the promise made to the promisee. The term price needs not include money; it may include intangible benefits as well. Consideration forms an essential element for a validating a contract[4]. The significance of a consideration in a contract is two-fold. Firstly, it acts as an evidential function that prevents commission of fraud that would have otherwise taken place had verbal promises were enforceable[5]. Secondly, it prevents the parties to the contract to make any casual promises instead; it includes promises that have a certain value[6]. In Currie v. Missa it was observed by the court that consideration must include something that is valuable in the eyes of law made from the promise. It must be beneficial to the plaintiff and detrimental to the defendant but in all circumstances, the promise or the plaintiff must make the consideration. Consideration may be defined as a price for which the promise of another party is purchased. There are four essential elements associated with the doctrine of Consideration. They are: consideration must not be adequate, it must be sufficient; performance of a legal duty is not consideration; past consideration is not good consideration; half payment of a debt is not good consideration. The rule that consideration has emphasized on the principle that consideration need not be adequate; it is valid if it is sufficient. This concept becomes evident if the decisions between the Chappel case and Ward v. Byham where it was stated by the court that the chocolate wrappers and a promise to satisfy a child both amounts to sufficient consideration. A consideration is said to be sufficient if the consideration posses economic value and is enforceable by law. However, several instances render a consideration inadequate in the judicial system. Such instances may include ethical duty, natural affection and love, requests made by either of the parties to the contract[7]. The most important feature of the doctrine of consideration is that there is no need for a consideration to be adequate; it is valid if it is sufficient to bind the parties to the contract legally. Consideration having monetary value and enforceable by law is considered to be sufficient in the eyes of law. In the case of Chappell co ltd, the facts of the case were such that Nestle made an advertisement that the customers shall be provided with a copy of musical records if the customers send three wrappers of the Nestle chocolate in 1/6 D together. The sellers of the musical record argued that the value was to be calculated on the 1/6 D in addition to the price of the wrappers. Nestle argued that the packaging had no price attached to them. The House of lord held that the covering were part of the consideration price. The consideration included both the purchasing of the chocolate for the covering and the payment of the price which attaches to value to Nestle. In this case, although the price value of the chocolate wrappers was disregarded, but since it was agreed upon that the wrappers of the chocolate could be held as a valid consideration the contract became legally binding. Another rule that makes a consideration inadequate is the performance of any duty, which the party is otherwise legally bound to do. In the case of Collins v. Godefoy the plaintiff provided proof at a civil trial after he was served a subpoena where the defendant agreed to pay the plaintiff a certain amount of money as the plaintiffs fee. However, the court held that the plaintiff is not allowed to recover the fee amount, as there was no consideration made for the promise and the plaintiff was lawfully bound to attend the trial as per the subpoena served upon him. It simple amounted to performing a legal obligation that the plaintiff was already lawfully bound to do. Again, if the plaintiff is bound legally by the terms and conditions of an existing contract and he makes another promise to perform the previous promise, the court considers such consideration inadequate. In Re Wilson, the court observed that promises made out of natural love and affection are the kind of promises that are made within a family and such promises do not confer adequate consideration in the creation of a contract. Further, the rule related to the concept of consideration is that a consideration is not a good consideration. It must be made either after a promise is made or with the promise itself. If the consideration stipulated in the contract has been fulfilled prior to the promise, the promise becomes unenforceable as it becomes a past promise[8]. It simply contemplates that if the consideration is already fulfilled then there is nothing left to be given in exchange for the promise made. In Eastwood v. Kenyon (1840), a warden took loan for raising a girl. After her nuptial, the spouse of the girl promised to pay-off the loan but such promise becomes unenforceable as the consideration is a past consideration and cannot be enforced upon the husband. However, there is an exception to this theory where past consideration is regarded as good consideration provided such consideration is made at the promisors request; the parties comprehended that they would become entitle to remuneration; if the p romise was made prior to the act the promise would have been recognized by law. The principle that consideration moves from the promise to the promisee denotes that the burden is on the promise to establish that they have provided consideration in return of the promise made to them by the promisor in order to make the contract enforceable. This rule was recognized in the context of the case of Williams v. Roffey that enabled the courts to be certain about which of the recipient of the promise would be liable to perform the promise. Executory and executed consideration is a method where the plaintiff buys the promise or the offer of the defendant. Executor consideration may be defined as a return promise made by the defendant in exchange for the promise made by the plaintiff. In other words, any agreement that is intended to have effect in the future is termed as executory agreements. In case of executed considerations, either of the party executes his part of the promise in the contract and the other party has not executed his promise, and hence his promise remains to be executed that in the future[9]. Part-payment of a debt is not regarded as a good consideration whereas part-performance of an existing contractual duty is considered as a good consideration as stated in Stilk v. Myrick (1809). The payment of a lesser amount by the promisee does not exempt him from performing his part of the obligation to make the full payment in return for the promise made by the promissor. The payment of smaller sum is not considered as a good consideration as by making part payments of the debt the promise is performing the existing contractual duty that is due to be paid by him to the promissor. This rule has originated in the Pinnels case or Pinnel v. Cole (1602). In the case, Cole owed Pinnel a certain sum of money out of which he only made half payment and Pinnel accepted the same in full settlement of the debt. Pinnel afterwards, brought a legal suit against Cole for the remaining due amount[10]. It was held that part payment is not a good consideration in itself. However, later, it was held that if the debtor accepted the part payment the agreement would bind the debtor legally at the request of the creditor subject to the condition that fresh consideration had been included. The rule laid down in the Pinnels case was ultimately reaffirmed in the case of Foakes v. Beer. The facts of the case was such that the parties entered into an agreement that Foakes would pay $500 to Beer in part payment and the balnce amount shall be pain in installments subject to the condition that Beer would not bring any legal action against Foakes. However, Foaks initiated legal proceedings against Beer in order to recover the interests on the debt amount. It was held that the agreement could be enforced only if there was any consideration. The only consideration that was made was the payment of $500 that was already due and so it became a past consideration, which is not considered to be a good consideration. The remaining balance that was to be paid in installments cannot form a considera tion unless the payment of the $500 amounted to be a consideration. According to the rule laid down under the Pinnels case any payment of a lesser amount do not constitute a good consideration for a promise and the remaining amount cannot be claimed. Hence, it was established that fraction payment of a debt is not consideration for a creditor to promise that the remaining or the due amount shall not be claimed. There are certain exceptions applicable to the Pinners Rule: if the lesser amount is paid in prior to the promise made and the creditor accepts the same in the full payment of the arrears. If the less amount is paid in the form of an thing or object which is accepted by the creditor in settlement; if the lesser amount is paid along with the thing or object that is acceptable by the creditor. If a third party makes the payment of the lesser sum. If the promisor and the promisee enters into an arrangement where the the debtor promises to make part-payment to the creditor in exchange of a promise by the creditor that he will not sue the debtor for the full payment of the amount, the lesser amount paid shall extinguish the entire debt. The doctrine of Equitable or Promissory Estoppel is another exception to the Pinners rule and is referred to as the rule in the High Trees Case. The doctrine denotes that where parties enter into legal relationship and either of them makes a promise that is intended to affect their legal relationship and the other party is required to rely upon such promise[11]. Once the other party relies and acts upon the promise and it changes their legal position, the party who made the promise cannot say that they had a different legal relationship, that is, the party cannot deny the promise he made[12]. This doctrine enables to make a promise without any consideration lawfully binding as stated in Combe V. Combe. Thus, this doctrine restricts a person from returning to the belief that he made the other person to believe in[13]. The law of contracts states that for a contract to be enforceable by law, it must include certain essential elements[14]. There must be an offer made by a party to another party indicating a willingness to enter into a contract. The other party must accept such offer as without an acceptance of an offer a contract cannot be formed. A contract to be valid must have a consideration as it binds the parties to the contract legally. To enforce a contract the parties must also possess an intention to make the contract legally effective. The final essential element to make a contract valid is the capacity of the parties to enter into a contract. From the above discussion, it can be stated that in the contemporary business activities, consideration remains to be an imperative element in the formation of a valid contract as it ensures that the parties entering into the contract must have a sufficient consideration and they possess legal intentions to bind the contract. The purpose behind the necessity of the parties to the contract to have legal intentions is to make the contract legally effective. In Williams v. Roffey Bros, the approach adopted by Russel LJ was to make consideration a part of the intention of the parties to establish legal relations. It has always been argued that good consideration must be something that has a legal benefit but in this case it was held that good consideration shall be deemed as practical benefit. The essential exception to the doctrine of consideration has been recognized to be the doctrine of Promissory Estoppel. In Australia, the doctrine has developed certain pre-conditions following the case of Walton Stores. It is unreasonable for the courts to attach certain value to the services and goods and it must be left to the parties to the contract to settle on the value to be attached to the services or goods in order to determine whether a consideration is good or inadequate[15]. As stated by Lord Mansfield, a robe; a hawk; a goblet; a tom-ti, if he chooses to regard it as good consideration. As long as the consideration made by the promisee is acceptable by the promisor, anything can be regarded as a good consideration, held in the case of Thomas v. Thomas. Reference Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Alden, Eric. "Promissory Estoppel and the Origins of Contract Law."Browser Download This Paper(2016). Butler, Desmond, et al. "Contract Law Case Book." (2013). Carter, John. "Good Faith in Contract: Why Australian Law is Incoherent." (2014). Cartwright, John.Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. DiMatteo, Larry A. "Pre-contractual Liability in the Common Law."International Sales Law. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Co. KG, 2016. Goldberger, Jeffrey. "Estoppel and contract."Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia29.3 (2015): 16. Gupta, R. K. "Promissory estoppel and legtimate expectation a comparative study." (2015). Hughes, Will, Ronan Champion, and John Murdoch.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge, 2015. Kane, James. "The Rule in Pennel's Case: The Case for Repeal, a Mistaken Preponderance and Finding Consideration in Debt Renegotiations."Dublin ULJ37 (2014): 79. Keyes, Mary, and Therese Wilson.Codifying Contract Law: International and Consumer Law Perspectives. Routledge, 2016. Parkinson, Patrick, and Judy Cashmore. "Reforming Relocation Law: An Evidence?Based Approach."Family Court Review53.1 (2015): 23-39. Robertson, Andrew. "Three Models of Promissory Estoppel."Browser Download This Paper(2014). Turner, Chris.Key Cases: Contract Law. Routledge, 2014. [1] Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. [2] Hughes, Will, Ronan Champion, and John Murdoch.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge, 2015. [3]Turner, Chris.Key Cases: Contract Law. Routledge, 2014. [4] Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. [5] Cartwright, John.Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. [6] Butler, Desmond, et al. "Contract Law Case Book." (2013). [7]Keyes, Mary, and Therese Wilson.Codifying Contract Law: International and Consumer Law Perspectives. Routledge, 2016. [8] Goldberger, Jeffrey. "Estoppel and contract."Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia29.3 (2015): 16. [9] DiMatteo, Larry A. "Pre-contractual Liability in the Common Law."International Sales Law. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Co. KG, 2016. [10]Kane, James. "The Rule in Pennel's Case: The Case for Repeal, a Mistaken Preponderance and Finding Consideration in Debt Renegotiations."Dublin ULJ37 (2014): 79. [11]Robertson, Andrew. "Three Models of Promissory Estoppel."Browser Download This Paper(2014). [12] Gupta, R. K. "Promissory estoppel and legtimate expectation a comparative study." (2015). [13]Alden, Eric. "Promissory Estoppel and the Origins of Contract Law."Browser Download This Paper(2016). [14]Parkinson, Patrick, and Judy Cashmore. "Reforming Relocation Law: An Evidence?Based Approach."Family Court Review53.1 (2015): 23-39. [15] Carter, John. "Good Faith in Contract: Why Australian Law is Incoherent." (2014).

Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature Essay Example

Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature Essay Even though the authors were contemporaries for a period of time, Dickinson and Crane were influenced by the prevalent literary movements of their times-Romanticism and Naturalism, respectively-and their views of nature were shaped accordingly, understandably differing quite a bit. The societies in which Huck Finn and Edna Pontellier lived are naturally the first aspect of said journeys that needs to be examined, for they had been the cause of the problem in both cases. While both lived in the countrys south Huck in Missouri and Edna in Louisiana, their stories are set in somewhat different times, and different central issues are present. Hucks story is set in the pre-civil war 1830s, a time when slavery, racism and inequality were abound, yet were not considered a thing out of the norm. All social institutions and authority figures in Hucks surroundings were accepting of the reality, and as a result, his innate values found nothing morally wrong with the situation, and his personal journey (combined with the literal one) resulted in a change of this perception. We will write a custom essay sample on Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If one were to mark the start of this inner journey, it would probably be best illustrated by Hucks exclamation of genuine shock Jim! (Baym 245), when the runaway slave tells him that he is, indeed, a runaway slave. In this exclamation lie the values Huck starts out with, the thought that Jim, who is lawful property of Miss Watson, did something horrible to her by running away. Change can begin to be spotted when Huck realizes that people are looking for Jim and says Git up and hum yourself, Jim! There aint a minute to lose. Theyre after us! (Baym 257). Its this us that shows the change in Hucks perception People in fact are after Jim, not them. Similarly, Edna Pontelliers surrounding society and its description in the beginning of The Awakening serve to illustrate what she starts out with. The aristocratic Louisiana Creole society of the 1890s was male-dominant, but not so much in a forcible sense as in the sense that women were expected to do as their husbands say and were expected to follow a certain unwritten code of unquestionable obedience. Chopin presents this rather openly, when describing the other women in the novel They were women who idolized their children, worshipped their husbands, and esteemed it a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels. (Baym 638). This was the ideal woman of the time and place, something that Edna Pontellier was not, as is evident from her husbands reprimanding of her for neglecting the children (Baym 637) in the beginning already. Thus, Edna starts out with a phantom acceptance of her cultures values, but her awakening is triggered by that summer spent on Grand Isle and a major change is brought about, in the form of Ednas quest for the freedom of being herself in life (Baym 643). A process similar in sequence to what happened to Huck. At this point, the inner journeys for both characters begin to speed up, and the significance of the revelations they make increases. Huck and Jim set out on their journey down the Mississippi on their raft, and its in the process of this journey that Huck changes, mainly due to his discovering of things about Jim that he did not consider possible before. Although its only the case of one person now, Jim, these discoveries register as discoveries about a larger group of people in Hucks mind black slaves. When on one occasion he tricked Jim and made him feel extremely bad, it took Huck fifteen minutes to finally manage to bring himself to apologize before a black person. Even though it was something not innate to his values, he did it, and didnt feel sorry he did as much as he felt surprised that Jim indeed was hurt, and therefore had emotions too (Baym 272). What Huck considered right still gave him no rest, for he was doing something very wrong by helping Jim in his escape, this perhaps is his central internal conflict. When Jim talks of stealing his children from their owner, it shocks Huck even more, and he is disappointed to hear such talk from Jim (Baym 281, 282), yet, it eventually makes him realize that black people too have families, and that they feel attached to them just as white people are to theirs. This realization is a big surprise for Huck, because it undermines all the values he has been taught by life in the south black people are human. A central internal conflict is what happens to Edna as well, although it is different in nature. The seed of this conflict can be located in something she says to Madame Ratignolle, her model Creole woman friend: I would give up the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for the children; but I wouldnt give myself. (Baym 669, 670). Of course, the only one who understood these words to some degree at least was Edna herself, only she realizes what the summer spent on Grand Isle with Robert, before he left to Mexico, triggered in her a big resentment of everything she was forced into, and a discovery of certain parts of her psyche that she did not know even existed. As they return to New Orleans, it worries Ednas husband that she abandons all of her housekeeping responsibilities and just generally defies him as he tells it to the family doctor who he came for advice to (Baym 684). As soon as Mr. Pontellier leaves for yet another business trip, Edna automatically feels better about everything in her life, and As she snuggled comfortably beneath the eiderdown a sense of restfulness invaded her, such as she had not known before. (Baym 690). It can be clearly understood from this that Ednas husbands mere presence created negative emotions, probably because of the constant authority he has always had over her. Both Huck and Edna have at this point discovered very significant new things, but they have been in discoveries in slightly different directions. In Hucks case, it was mainly about the outside world, but it nevertheless triggered a change of perception in him. We can see that Huck is not of ill moral character, he has a general sense of what is right and what is wrong, part of which would still fit even our times. This is evident from his decision to help Mary Jane and her sisters reclaim the money that the frauds robbed them of (Baym 342). Yet, at several points throughout his journey down the river with Jim, he has pondered the option of notifying Miss Watson of the whereabouts of her property, and therefore turning Jim in, because according to what he has been taught, it would be the right thing to do. Huck soundly believes that if he doesnt do it, he will go to hell as punishment for his crime, because thats what the church and Sunday school of the south taught him. Perhaps the most significant turning point is his decision to defy these teachings All right, then, Ill go to hell (Baym 359), he said as he tore up the letter of notification he meant to send to Miss Watson. He still considers himself wicked, although evidently, he has placed Jims value to him as his friend higher than Jim being a runaway slave, or maybe a decision that slavery is indeed wrong, although the reader is not told of it. This is the culmination of Hucks inner journey, and from now on, he acts according to his new convictions (doing all he can to free Jim). When in the novels end Aunt Sally plans to adopt him yet again, he is not accepting of it, perhaps because he feels that he would be unable to fall back into southern life with the new knowledge he has acquired, and decides to take off for Indian territories (Baym 407). Similarly, Edna has been subject to certain realizations that alter her perception of herself and the world around her, making her act accordingly. She is shocked at the feelings that a kiss from Alci e Arobin arouses in her It was the first kiss of her life to which her nature had really responded. It was a flaming torch that kindled desire. (Baym 698). She was a married woman, and yet she had never experienced true passion for her husband as much as she did for this man she barely knew. Her societal values blare out that it is wrong, yet she feels no remorse, and that upsets her even more (Baym 698). From this sudden revelation of a new aspect of herself and on, Edna, in a sense just like Huck, slowly realizes that with her newly acquired knowledge there will never be place for her in the present society. She becomes self-possessed enough that she in a way declares her newly acquired values to Robert, the one who triggered it all in the first place I give myself where I choose. And this declaration obviously frightens Robert, he isnt so sure he can deal with such a woman what he knows and believes in does not equal to this declaration of Ednas (Baym 716). He leaves her behind with a simple note: I love you. Good-by, because I love you. (Baym 720). Edna now knows that she can never again be her old, pretentious self. Not with what she has awakened to, and not in this closed and not understanding society. There were no Indian territories for her to take off for, and she therefore decides to do the only thing that would equal to true freedom in her situation she swims far out into the ocean and to her death (Baym 723). While the two journeys examined above differed significantly in their outward content, some very similar elements have been observed. In their core, both Huck and Edna discovered things that in their essence were opposed to society, its customs, or its teachings. And, in both cases, they pursued their new knowledge and stuck to what they thought was right and best. Both characters were exceptionally brave, and faced their inner conflicts successfully.

Amusing Ourselves to Death Chapters 1-4 essays

Amusing Ourselves to Death Chapters 1-4 essays The author of Amusing Ourselves to Death, Neil Postman, made the world aware of public discourse in the age of show business. He used the books Brave New World by Aldous Huxley and George Orwells 1984 as examples of what technology has done to todays youth. Orwells views were that he had a fear of those who would ban books, deprive us of information, and what we hate will ruin us. Huxley on the other hand feared that there would be no reason for banning a book because people would chose not to read and believed that we would be swarmed with information and be reduced to submissiveness and selfishness (Postman vii). Huxley also thought what we loved would ruin us (Postman viii). In this book, Postman tries to prove that maybe Huxley and not Orwell were right (Postman viii). In the U.S. a main point for American spirit would have to be Las Vegas. Its like a symbol of a city devoted to entertainment. Everything in Las Vegas deals with some form of entertainment (Postman 3). Therefore we all move closer to amusing ourselves to death. The least amusing people are those who are professional entertainers (Postman 5). On a show staring Reverend Billy Graham, Reverend Green assured the audience that God loves those who make people laugh (Postman 5). He merely mistook NBC for God. On television, discourse is conducted largely through visual imagery, which is to say that television gives us a conversation in images not words (Postman 7). This book is an investigation into and expression of grief about the most significant American cultural fact of the second half of the twentieth century: the decline of printed works and the superiority of Television (Postman 8). The media of communication available to a culture are a dominant influence on the formation of the cultures intellectual and social concerns. Although culture is a creation of speech, it is recreated by every medium of communication. E...

Theodoric of the Ostrogoths essays

Theodoric of the Ostrogoths essays Theodoric the Great was the king of the Ostrogoths. Born in 454 in the Roman province of Pannonia as the son of Theodemir the Amal. He was held as a political hostage in the Roman court at Constantinople from age seven through to age seventeen. There he was educated in the roman way of life and law. Theodoric also learned that the Roman Empire could offer his people many things. After securing leadership of the Ostrogoths in 471 Theodoric was forced to defend his crown against Theodoric Strabo. With the death of Theodoric Strabo in 481, the current emperor Zeno recognised Theodoric as king of the Ostrogoths and in 483 appointed him master of the soldiers and in 484 Consul-designate. In 488 Zeno commissioned Theodoric to take his people and expel the western roman emperor Odovacar. After several years of war Theodoric was able to murder Odovacar. Theodoric then pronounced the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy. Theodorics rule was recognised in 497 when the eastern emperor Anastasius I sen t Theodoric the royal insignia. Theodoric the Great was a successful leader. Theodoric was able to keep the balance between his Ostrogoths and the people of the Roman empire. Theodoric was able to do this through his religious understanding, mastery of politics and his social policy. The ability to manage these three factors made Theodoric not only the King of the Goths but also a successful leader of the Western Empire. Theodoric used the religious and ideological belief of the Roman people in the Western Empire to gain acceptance of his rule. The educated Romans of the later Empire were receiving a Greek education as well as a traditional Roman education. Through this education the ideas of the divine and the cosmos were coming together and the belief that there was an underlying order in the universe that was set forth by God had become popular. The Roman Emperors were developing this belief further by claiming that no one could hold p...

Evaluate for<< V for Vendetta>> Essay

Evaluate for> - Essay Example In the essay we read of an individual who stepped up toward there game eventually risking his own life  so the citizens that he represents would have the said freedom that was deserved. In the essay, we evaluated the V for Vendetta text by looking into aesthetic and practical criteria such as plot, characters, visual, costumes, music, directing, dialogue, entertainment values, acting abilities, or specific skills demonstrated by the characters. When a subject matter is evaluated, the audience should be provided with an overall claim, supporting evidence, and concluding based recommendations. Therefore in summary form, this essay evaluate the V for Vendetta movie based on character traits, lessons depicted and quotes used. In 1603, aman known as V decided to destroy their parliament through use of Gunpowder Plot. In this movie, Director James McTeigue portrays how the Britain regime was corrupt and full of dictatorship. However, a freedom fighter called V decided to bring this totalitarian Government into the heels by using gunpowder. In the process, Chancellor Adam Sutler known as John Hurt decided to take power and ended up instilling fear on the London’s citizen so that they can know who is in power and therefore not judge him on corruption deeds. However, the main character in the movie known as v is heard saying that â€Å"Remember, remember the Fifth of November,† meaning that at that day, the London based citizens should take to streets and protest against their regime without fear or contradiction (Criteria for Great Movie 2014). Before sending his message on live based television, the chancellor faced a lot of challenges among them killings occurred with doctors who were in the detention based center where William Rookwood changed his name to V.V decided to take revenge against the doctors and the government because of the killings and torture of great Britain people. On his mission, V meets a

Article Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Article Analysis - Essay Example Targeting the investors and potential investors in the Canadian stock exchange, the article warns them of the imminent crisis that has already started taking shape on the economy of Canada. It also targets the policymakers who are supposed to take into account the pitfalls and offer solutions of how the situation can be improved. According to them, an investor who opts to hold their investments in the Canadian BMO Capital Market Authority or any investment banks in the country risk making losses from their investments. They provide evidence supporting their hypothesis which indicates a losing trend that the Loonie has been facing in the recent years. Basically, the subject of their argument is the contribution of the oil crisis to the poor performance of the Canadian dollar in relation to other currencies and the U.S. dollar. Other contributing factors to soring the situation have been discussed, which include low buying of the government bonds and the decreasing demand for Canadaâ⠂¬â„¢s triple-A-rated sovereign debt. The poor performance of the loonie against other currencies prompted Walter & Karen to write this article. Most importantly however, it was the poor sale of the country’s crude oil that made the issue more serious warranting their reference to the poor performance of the currency. The fact that Canada’s oil prices have been performing poorly in reference to other oil producing states is evidence to this. Trading at about $ 65 a barrel, the Canadian oil poorly performs against international oil prices. In the article, 'Loonie' Slips on Oil Patch Walter & Karen explores the influence of Canada’s oil reserves on the performance of the Canadian dollar. While the global crude oil prices have remained competitively high, the poor price of the Canadian oil proves to be a liability to the country’s economy and exchange rate. The major contributing factor of this trend is the boom in the U.S. oil in the Northern American regio n. A barrel of the Canadian oil trades at only $65 dollars, while the international market prices stand at $115 per barrel. Contrary to other currencies that move along with the changes in the oil prices, the loonie has been facing a downward performance against the dollar, shedding off 0.5% this year. The biggest disadvantage of the Canadian currency, points out experts is over reliance on petrol exports. The weak currency is expected to remain weak so long as the oil prices remain low. Effects of the poor prices of the oil have not only negatively influenced on the currency performance, notes Walter & Karen. The shocks of this have been felt by the economy, negatively affecting the annual economic growth which the central bank forecasted to drop from 2.3% to 2%. Moreover, the prices have also contributed to a widening trade deficit, reaching up to C$2 billion. As experts continue loosing hope in the recovery of the dollar, more investors keep pulling out of the market. Data indica tes so, as bonds have been facing a decreasing trend since June of last year, hitting the lowest point in November. As more people shy from bond buying that was the biggest source of income for the country’s funds, the face value of the currency seems to be overvalued. The oil

Background to Media Plan of Unpackaged Grocery Retailers Essay

Background to Media Plan of Unpackaged Grocery Retailers - Essay Example â€Å"Media planning  - is the choice of optimal channel advertising (advertising contacts), conducted in order to maximize the effectiveness of advertising campaigns† (What is a Media Plan? n.d.). Situation Analysis: About Unpackaged and its Products: Unpackaged, is an organic grocery store set up locally in North London in the year 2007. (Unpackaged: Using Less Wasteful Packaging n.d.). It makes use of the design which helps its local customers to purchase products using less wasteful packages, and thus helps them to remain more eco- friendly. Unpackaged sells environmentally friendly standard mass items such as grains, sugars, flours, spices, and the traditional grocery products like oil, milk, eggs, cheese, wine, and beer. â€Å"Unpackaged was founded in 2006 by Catherine Conway,† who recognized that it is important to work with designers to be more successful for the plan of alternative to supermarket shopping† (Unpackaged n.d.). With the aid of design agen cy Conway managed to develop a strong brand and certain new ways of shopping. Unpackaged began its operation â€Å"as a market stall at Exmouth Market† (Easy Tips to Being Greener (and Better off)! 2007) with Conway pointing out the type of grocery people like to buy loose and â€Å"lots of feedback from customers† (Diamond 2012) regarding the reasons behind to stay off from buying Unpackaged products. So they created a jar icon when they remain still in the small business in the market. The business still found it difficult to brand the organization as it removed the essential thing i.e. the vehicle for branding purpose: packaging. Later they designed a flyer that utilizes icons with the same ratios as the unpackaged jar to clarify how the new concept of shopping works. They moved from the stall into the retail shop in the market, and more versions of the icons in gold foil were put on the door, so that everybody who comes into the shop can effortlessly make out how i t will work. The movement of Unpackaged into a shop, intended for a new style of shopping, proved to be popular in the market. â€Å"The mantra of Unpackaged is: Reduce by only buying what you need, Reuse by bringing your containers for a refill, Recycle what you can’t reuse. And†¦ if you can’t reuse or recycle it then don’t buy it!† (Unpackaged Shopping without Packaging 2012). About the Market: The grocery market in UK

Marketing plan for indian bottled water company

Marketing plan for indian bottled water company This marketing plan is a part of a larger business plan that the team thought of during preliminary discussions. The idea of introducing flavored water in the market emerged from the Indias urban residents are becoming increasingly health conscious. In fact, Off-trade constant value sales of bottled water are predicted to grow by an 18% CAGR over the forecast period 2009 and 2014(source Euromonitor).FMCG players have responded by re-examining their ingredient strategies and formulations to ensure that they suit new healthy habits. Urban consumers are increasingly on the hunt for substitute for carbonated drink creating new market opportunities for an array of suppliers. The current flavored water market is highly unorganized with major manufactures being in-house chefs and roadside vendor. They supply to local hotels, sweet shops and are now slowly moving into supplying to organized retailers. We recommend the Indian Parle a FMCG giant to venture in the untapped flavored market to get first mover advantage in India. The established AquaFina brand can be used to launch the product. The end consumer is from 0 80 years as water is meant from infant to everyone. There is an opportunity to position and offer premium and differentiated water in India today. Water has to be scaled higher in terms of positioning both from functionality perspective, as well as from a lifestyle perspective. Key statistics of the Indian bottle water market: Situational Analysis The flavored market in India is small, only about Rs 11 crore out of the total bottled water market of about Rs 1,100 crore. But many small market segments have been known to explode with the entry of good products. For example, enhanced and flavored waters were just $ 234 million in the US in 2000. By 2010, the category is projected to grow to $ 8.6 billion and is the fastest growing beverage category The 2009 India Soft Drinks Report indicates that carbonated beverages consumption is declining in India for consecutive years since 2007. Packaged water growth projections, however, are in excess of 40 per cent, with still drinks (Frooti, Maaza and others) growing at under 10 per cent. Parles Bisleri, PepsiCos Aquafina and Cokes Kinley at present rule the lower end of the Indian packaged water category, priced as they are between Rs 10 and Rs 14 for a 1 litre bottle. The top end is dominated by imported brands like GroupeDanones mountain water brand Evian and Nestles sparkling water brand Perrier, priced between Rs 80 and Rs 110 a litre. Himalayan costs Rs 25 a bottle. Flavored water falls in the mid-priced segment of the bottled water category. Competition Coca-Cola is expected to launch Bonaqua. Globally, Bonaqua sells sparkling flavored water in ranging from strawberry, litchi, apple and mint to lemon and lime. Coca-Cola already sells in India the bottled water brand Kinley. Tata Tea is also looking to extend Himalayan into flavored water. PepsiCo too is believed to be planning to extend its bottled water brand, Aquafina, into flavored water. Nestle executives refused to comment. Aqua Montana India recently launched a carbonated niche drink, Slim and energy drink, Explode and is also looking to make a foray in the flavored water space. Customer In terms of the socio-economic factors, Indian lifestyle is undergoing a massive socioeconomic change, which is also being reflected in food habits. People want value for time, money in terms of quality and variety. The scenario in India is alarming with respect to increasing cases of obesity. According to a research conducted by NHFS (National Health and Family Survey), obesity has already affected 12.1 percent males and 16 percent females of the country ¡Ã‚ ¯s total population, and the percentage is growing rapidly.. The need to shift to healthy drinks from high-sugar containing beverages that can be achieved through consuming flavored water is really important to control obesity. Collaboration Parle can collaborate with the restraunts and wedding houses for placing it in their complimentary drink menu It can collaborate with IRCTC to provide bottled water in railways It can collaborate with airlines to place it in airports and provide it during travel Parle can work with the health care awareness committee like NHFS to highlight the importance of shifting from high calorie drinks to low calories drinks Channel No matter how strong the top of the mind is, brands in this category are consumed depending on shelf space availability and chill space availability. Thus it has to flood all possible channel Marketing Objectives As suggested by the Ansoff Growth Matrix, our strategy would be one of Product development and to some extent that of Diversification. This would entail the following: Increase the market share This can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to key account selling Target increased usage by potential customers, e.g. Introducing frequent buyer schemes, loyalty schemes To drive sales, we could also consider the following: Innovative product dimensions or packaging: e.g. offering combo packs, family packs, increasing pack size. Proper mix of distribution channels, e.g. making it available in up market supermarkets, kirana stores, confectionaries, canteens and railways and airlines Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments, e.g. large size packs could be sold at prices the consumers deem economical. Introduction of niche segment variant like flavored water for infant -This may require the development of new competencies and communications mix accordingly. The plan deals with the changes that can be brought about to introduce the new product, packaging, distribution, pricing and communications mix to ensure better awareness as well as capture a significant amount of the target Since we are positioning the Sheetal as a healthy substitute for other beverages, the following excerpt from Euromonitor report on packaged foods strengthens the future prospects of this product. Health-based drinks have increased in favor in 2009. Capitalizing on the social acceptance of conspicuous consumption, so long as health was not compromised, companies launched a wide array of products across categories. Products highlighting health, such as energy bars and drinks, digestive biscuits, and healthier edible oils, all found ready takers, even as brands jostled for differentiation Financial Objectives To achieve a crore plus sales in all of the 7 metros where the launch happens in the first quarter of launch. The metros where the product will be launched are Bangalore, NCR, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata and Pune. To break even within 3 quarters and make profits by the end of first year of operation The detailed calculations can be seen in the action program and execution section. Marketing Objectives To create an upbeat market for flavored market in Indian metros Become the market leader with 80% market share of organized market in the flavored segment by leveraging the first mover advantage The rationale behind the strategy and objectives set is driven by the following factors: To achieve higher market penetration in bottled water segments. Selling to markets and/or target segments not previously identified. To accelerate growth in accordance with the forecasted growth rate of the bottled water category. To nurture the brand identity and promote brand awareness through increased advertising and sales promotions. The objectives outlined above are in conformance with the company mission We are in the business of refreshing India with our products, refreshing the market with new categories and refreshing ourselves through innovation. Market Segmentation The dietary habits of busy city dwellers are gradually changing, with many giving in to convenient packaged beverages meals. There is a rising incidence of double-income nuclear families and growing numbers of single working men and women professionals with fast-paced lifestyles means. These increasingly lack the leisure or skills to prepare elaborate Indian beverages like Jaljeera/Mint Water / Mango Water . Thus, while beverages may not be able to match the taste of home food, consumers are still attracted by its convenience, hygiene and with these generally proving major draws rather than just taste. City 95 00 03 04 05 Mumbai 10,743 11,713 12,289 12,503 12,709 Delhi 8,198 9,542 10,336 10,616 10,881 Bangalore 3,690 4,186 4,483 4,589 4,696 Kolkata 4500 4568 4581 46060 4628 Chennai 4013 4184 4260 4310 4340 Hyderabad 3285 3418 3485 3526 3565 Pune 1930 2423 2735 2839 2935 Source: National statistical offices, Euromonitor International From the above data depicting the population rise in the target cities, it can be seen that the number of urban households in the major cities is about 1.72 million. If we consider the top 50 major cities in India this figure grows much higher. Double-Income nuclear families This is an increasing urban phenomenon and is buoyed by the trend of more and more couples choosing to have children much later in the marriage. With more women entering the workforce with increased focus on work life in urban areas, this trend is expected to continue. This segment is characterized by a fast paced life with little consideration for saving money. Singles Sustained economic growth and an increasing number of young professionals entering the workforce have seen a rise in the number of single member families in urban areas. Young adults are finding BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) jobs an early introduction to earning money. This segment is characterized by people with a high disposable income, busy lifestyles and relatively lower culinary skills (in particular single working men). The early adopters seem to be the singles segment, where homemade preparation for one is not considered worth the time, Supermarkets see high sales value growth Middle class Indians, with a credit card, or food coupons provided as part of their salary package have adopted organized food shopping. These shoppers are keen to take up special bulk purchase offers and deals. They also have the advantage of browsing in shops and choosing, without the intervention of the shopkeeper or salesperson. Increasingly, urban Indians are using both the local grocer and the supermarket. The groceries the preferred choice for basic food supplies and the supermarket for a wider choice of processed foods such as jams, pickles, sauces, juices and ready mixes. This is giving organized food retail high sales value growth, as these stores are selling higher volumes of value-added foods. Among the upper middle and wealthier classes, the modern retail outlets are used for basic commodities as well, as there is a feeling that the private labels offer cleaner well-picked produce than the local grocer does. As a result, there is some amount of store loyalty, as customer s prefer a particular chain. Marketing Implementation Action Programs The entire marketing program and the action plan execution is elaborated with respect to the 4 Ps in the section. We have done a consumer survey to better understand the marketing mix Product Sheetal is a forward integrated product extension to the superbly successful Bisleri which has a market share of 16% in India presently. The concept is not new. We have historical evidences that Indian Maharajas drank water with Indian Herbs to stay healthy and fit.Adding herbs to drinking water has been in vogue in many parts of our country In Kerala, in most of the hotels jeera water is being served even today Our country has a rich herbal treasure like vettiver, athimathuram, vallarai, ginger, seeragam, brahmi, tulasi, nimbu, pudina, orange, amla, narangi, hibiscus, samandhi, jasmine, etc.Thus consumers get a variety of flavours to choose from.So there would be many flavours but initial one would be Pudina Jeera Strawberry Raw Mango Medicinal herbs Tal Mishri (for infants) The product will be marketed in 4 sizes 300ml small pack , 1 litre medium packs and 25 liter large packs.The shelf life will be of 90 days without refrigeration Size Quantity Retail Price Small 300ml Rs 6 Medium 1 lit Rs. 18 Large 25 lit Rs. 400 Price One can sell their products as raw goods; value added goods, goods bundled with services or goods dramatized with experiences. Given below is the value addition that can be brought about in wheat by various levels of value add and the multiplication factor in price applicable with each value add. Value addition Flow Price of 1 litre of water = 10rs Price of flavors available in market (Rasna) = Rs. 4 Other material used like salt, sugar etc = Rs 4 Price of preparing one liter flavored drink at house = Rs 18 Our product priced at = Rs 18 Place Sheetal will only be sold in metros initially i.e. Mumbai, NCR comprising of Delhi, Noida and Gurgaon, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata and Pune. This is primarily because the target audience of this product is concentrated in these cities. The distribution channels employed for Sheetal has to be multi-dimensional as it tries to focus on a wide class of people from young working singles to mothers. Hence the distribution channels will come under 3 categories Super market chains like Big bazaar, Star bazaar etc For distributing to these chains, the proven sales and distribution channels of Parle will be leveraged. Local stores selling food items The stores selected will vary depending on the markets. In case of south India, the focus will be selling in the following category of outlets Retail outlets selling perishable food items like vegetables, milk etc These upcoming outlets are the initial form of organic stores in India. People who are looking for fresh perishable items target these stores. Confectionaries selling packaged food and snacks Bakeries are the coveted place for south Indians especially the metro class in south to grab a quick snack or a convenient packaged food. Kirana stores As both these kinds of outlets are non-existent in North, the selling will be through the neighboring kirana stores which form the ubiquitous neighborhood shopping point for the target audience. Collaboration with roadside ice cream vendors: People eating ice-cream some time to quench their thirst. If flavoured water is available they may drink it and enjoy ice cream for its taste Key Accounts Railways The IRCTC sever Rail NEER on the railways and along with those other drinks. Often the govt policy lead to ban of carbonated products. IRCTC can bank on this as a politically safe product promoting indianization Hotel Chains: The hotel chains provide chef prepared welcome drinks most often than not these are not seen as very hygienic and not taken by consumer. The flavoured drinks would be readily acceptable by the consumer Smaller restraunts : They will have thirst quencher extra apart from the usual carbonated drinks Marriage halls: The concept of Jaljeera and Pudina drink is very popular in marriages in India. They are generally prepared handmade and the stall gets overcrowded due to large preparation time. This packaged flavored water is both convenient and healthy Caterers : They get a ready to serve menu on their hand Promotion Flavored water is being introduced in India for the first time. That is why Sheetal definitely has the first mover advantage in this new niche of the market. As the positioning of the product is such that it promises to deliver the thirst quenching qualities of water, with an essence of fruit and mint flavor, it will appeal to a wide variety of consumers from age group 10 to 60. Also its medicinal benefits will make it most suitable for school going children (age 8-16) and also elderly people (age 55-70). As in this equatorial part of the world the summers are generally very long and hot, the demand for a thirst quenching medicinal beverage will definitely drive most of the sales for the year in that concentrated period in the year. As the concept of the product itself is very new, the product will require an extensive promotional program through multi channel, multi vehicle techniques. There is a need of aggressive promotional activity so as to create awareness among the consumers about the new product and communicate the values which the product offers. We have come up with following four key promotion vehicles which would be most effective in the current scenario Advertisement Sales promotion Personal selling Sponsorship Advertisement This is the most important mode of communication we would use. Following are the various tools we plan to use Television We will advertise on different primetime channel like Zee, sony, star etc. The programs will be mainly family and children programs and the timing will be family viewing timing Radio Various FM Channels like radio One, Radio City Red FM etc will be used to broadcast innovative ads in the morning and evening hours News print Newspaper dailies like TOI, Hindu, ET etc will be used to carry out ad campaign in sizes varying from 200200 ads to full page ads on weekends Magazine Magazines like India today business week etc will be targeted to convey the values to the targeted audience. Bill Board Major city crossroads will be covered under this promotional scheme to carry Posters of the products, and snapshots of the television ads to generate recall Mobile and internet These are very new channel in advertising are found to be pretty effective among the young generation of the country. Social networking sites like face book, orkut, twitter, etc can be used to carry out promotions. Sales Promotion This is just a backup for the failure of advertisement strategy. In this case several small retailers in small towns will be provided certain margin which they can utilize to push customer to try out the new product on the need basis. Well set some targets for the retailers to achieve at the end of each month and would reward the successful retailers. Personal Selling Will be putting up stalls and counters in colleges universities, malls and shopping centers. Will distribute free samples and conduct taste drives in cities to make people aware of the product. Will carry out online contest and get feedback from the customers. Sponsorship Sheetal will be promoted by sponsorships of various national and international events, both in the sporting and cultural light this will create visibility of the brand and will expose the brand to a wide audience. Well put up stalls in the event areas and distribute free sample to the consumers. We also plan to get the brand endorsed by celebrities and famous personalities to build brand image among the consumers. Annexure 1 PROFIT CALCULATION The 1st quarter sales target and the 1st year sales target from different metros are given below City Quarterly sales revenues Annual sales revenue Bangalore 5,00,00,00 2,00,00,000 NCR 5,00,00,00 2,00,00,000 Mumbai 5,00,00,00 2,00,00,000 Chennai 25,00,00 1,00,00,000 Hyderabad 25,00,00 1,00,00,000 Pune 125,00,00 5,00,00,00 Kolkata 125,00,00 5,00,00,00 Projected Revenue Projected quarterly revenue Rs. 2 crore Projected annual revenue Rs. 8 crore Project annual sales volume 44 lakhs litre Production Cost Cost of goods sold/kg Rs. 12 Annual cost of goods sold Rs. 4,80,00,000 Packaging expenses/kg Rs. 0.50 Annual packaging expenses Rs. 20,00,000 Yearly fixed cost component Rs. 50,00,000 Total production expenditure Rs. 5.5 crores Selling Expenditure Annual advertisements and promotions Rs. 1 crores Annual Salesmen commissions (2% of sales) Rs. 48 lakhs Slotting fees in first year Rs. 52 lakhs Total selling expenditure Rs. 2 crores Total Expenditure = Production cost + selling cost Gross Annual Profits = Revenues Expenditure Total Expenditure Rs 7.5 crores Gross Annual Profits Rs. 50 Lakhs Annexure 2 Questionnaire 1 .Do you drink Tap water or mineral Water for daily use? Tap 100 % Mineral 0% 2. How often do you drink mineral Water? Daily 0 % Outings 70 % Occasions 100% 3. How many glasses of water you drink daily Less than 6 30 % 6- 8 50 % More than 8 30 % 4. You drink Mineral Water Because Hygiene 50 % Taste 10 % Brand conscious 20 % 5. You dont drink mineral water because: Costly 50 % Dont feel any difference 10 % Has Water purifier at home 40 % 6. You drink which mineral water brand? Aquafina 20 % Kinley 50 % Bisleri 20 % Others 10 % 7. Have you ever tasted flavored mineral water? Yes 10 % No 90 % 8. If flavored mineral water is introduce in market do your buy it? Yes 70% No 30 % 9. Will you prefer flavored mineral water over ordinary? Yes 30 % No 20 % They are different 50 % 10. Flavors you like Pudina 30 % Jeera 50 % Strawberry 10 % Other 10 % 11. What price you are willing to pay for 1 litre 12 -15 20 % 15 -18 60 % 18 -20 20 % 12. You see flavored water as alternative of 1 Carbonated Soft Drink 30 % 2. Lassi 10 % 3. Fruit Juice 20 % 4. Homemade jaljeera 40 %

There Were No Great Women Artists in the Renaissance

When we think of great renaissance artists the first names that would come to most peoples mind would be Leonardo Di Vinci or Michelago. When it is looked at into more depth it would then lead to Giorgio Vasari and the father of Italian renaissance Giotto Di Bondone. Even when you type into Google ‘Great renaissance artists‘ the first names that come up are Michelangelo, Raphael, Sandro Botticelli, Titian, Donatello, Masaccio, Filippo Brunelleschi and other great male artists. As these names are being stated it shows that there is a visible pattern that they are all males and it is rare to recognize a great female renaissance artist. This then leads to the statement â€Å"There were no great women artists in the Renaissance†. During the renaissance period, women artists weren’t recognised as much as male artists and had difficulties getting themselves in the art world. The renaissance was not a time where women artists were accepted and the education given to them were limited. Women during this time were expected get married and start a family and were unwanted in male dominated careers. In Giorgio Vasari’s, ‘The Lives of the Artist’ which is accounts of artists he knew personally and knew of. He included artists such as Masaccio, Michelangelo, Antonio Pollaiuolo and in fact most of the artists he included in ‘The Lives of the Artists’ are predominately all males and only four female artists are mentioned in the whole six parts of the books, the artists were Rossi, Sister Plautilla, Madonna Lucrezia, and Sofonisba Anguissola. This correlates back to the statement â€Å"There were no great women artists in the Renaissance† as this could be evidence that through Vasari’s eyes women artists just weren’t as good as the male artists or it could just be the fact that the female artists didn’t have as much exposure as the males. To reference Linda Nochlin’s, ‘Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? ’ there is a quote that says, â€Å"There are no great women artists because women are incapable of greatness† which was what most people would have believed during the renaissance period. It also stated that there is a difference between the â€Å"greatness† of women’s art in comparison to the men’s. As there is a different style in the women’s art to the males. Nochlin states that women’s art has a more distinctive and recognizable femininity and it differs from the male’s artworks by both its formal and expressive qualities on the different situation and experience that they have been through. The different style between the women’s artwork to the males could have affected how the audience viewed the women’s work as the audience could have had a different idea of what art was since it art was such a male dominated area. Frances Borzello, â€Å"A World of Our Own; Women as Artists† tells us that women went through a lot of struggle to compete with the male artists. It says that women had to fight for basic training and a chance to practice their art making. For a women to make it as an artist during this time they had get themselves trained to a professional standard, then to practise and be accepted. To go through these steps came with difficulty as women were sometimes excluded from training programmes of apprenticeship and academy or apprenticeships had to be paid for and in those times it was rare to see a parent pay for the education for their daughter as mentioned before, they were expected to marry and have kids. This would have affected the amount of female artists there could have been as they were often deprived of the education and training needed to start the beginning of becoming a great artist. Although being a female artist during the renaissance period was extremely hard. Some women were very fortunate to be a daughter of an artist, which granted them the training and publicity from their fathers that could lead them to making a living as an artist. Some female artists that had an artist as a father that guided them were Caterina van Hemessen and Sofonisba Anguissola. In conclusion, the statement â€Å"There were no great women artists in the Renaissance† could be answered differently varying the person, as that is what is great about art. That everyone has their own opinions and perceptions of how they view ‘great’ art. Although, renaissance women artists aren’t as widely known as the male artists and had many disadvantages of becoming a successful artist they still existed during the renaissance. Bibliography: http://voices.yahoo.com/women-artists-during-renaissance-6013740.html?cat=37 11/7/13 http://knell63.hubpages.com/hub/History-of-Female-Renaissance-Artists 11/7/13 http://www.artcyclopedia.com/hot/women-artists-of-the-renaissance.html 13/7/13 http://albertis-window.blogspot.com.au/2009/12/vasari-and-female-artists.html 13/7/13

What is the Measure of Unhappy

The Simpsons, was a dysfunctional family, with no less than a rebellious son constantly getting into trouble in school and the community in general, and a drunkard father who would not hesitate to strangle said son at the slightest provocation. It is wacky and funny, owing to its cartoonish character and its brilliant writing. The same can be said of the Bluth family in Arrested Development, where between feuding siblings, a drunkard, former socialite mother and a fugitive father, at the center are values that remain somewhat intact. Their dysfunction, and tragic circumstances are brought in a humorous light. Though with the title Little Miss Sunshine, we see nothing of the glamor we would expect a few minutes into the movie. This is no Simpsons—at least that family kept to their values, had the support of their Springfield neighborhood; this is no Arrested Development, as there is no one member left that is functional enough, strong enough to keep the ties together. For all intents and purposes, the Hoovers of Little Miss Sunshine are estranged, and ready to tear to separate directions. We are immediately introduced to people at the end of their ropes—the grandfather is a heroin addict, the uncle recently failed in his suicide attempt, the father is a failed â€Å"self-help† author, the son has all but disowned his dysfunctional family. The mother, for all her efforts to keep her family together, is ironically nothing but a foil to make clearer how much in desperate circumstance the family has gone. The movie centers around the eventual trip the family has to California, for a Little Miss Sunshine pageant for the youngest daughter, but here there is more opportunity to show how far down its members have gone. No one member is not dependent on the other—the suicidal uncle could not be left alone, or alone with his nephew; the grandfather, who has been with his granddaughter longest, is impliedly dependent on her for emotional support; this line of dependency eventually passes to the mother, and the father last. Everyone but the daughter is reluctantly pulled to the journey. There is not much to be said about the acting done in the movie, as every character was subtly played. Steve Carrell plays a person different altogether from his previous roles as family man or comic hero—he plays a manic-depressive intellectual homosexual, and he delivers perfectly the consequential line where he explains to his niece why he tried to kill himself. Greg Kinnear, in portraying the straight-laced father who tries to maintain a semblance of reason to his family, successfully balances the seriousness of his mood while becoming involved in ridiculous situations. Memorable—perhaps owing to him being at the center of the only â€Å"loud† scene in the entire movie—is Alan Arkin, the wise cracking grandfather who breaks the stereotype of the embittered old man trapped in the memories of days past or a war they might have taken past. The â€Å"shining ray of light†, perhaps, in the household is the little daughter, Olive Hoover, who spends countless days dreaming about pageants and watching the coronation of beauty queens. From what we see of her and her actions throughout the film, we wonder whether she was oblivious to the situation her family was in. There is a scene of her whooping with joy from room to room while from the kitchen the father and mother violently exchange words, eventually dragging the family in the argument in the process. In the aftermath of the scene, in comes Olive, still whooping with joy. She is also constantly sheltered by her mother and her father, in separate circumstances from what would be deemed â€Å"inappropriate† at her age. For those who would search for the comedy in the movie, there is none but dry, tired humor. There are no exaggerated misadventures that the average Bluth or Simpson might encounter, but little troubles that could normally arise. Those who watched expecting serious or contemplative thought, would be the ones pleasantly surprised. For while in themselves the picture of a family running after the bus to catch a ride would be in itself funny, it does not break the gloom, but complement it. Eventually each of them are pushed to the limits of their patience, and comes face to face with the measure of unhappiness. What measure is unhappy? The movie forces us to tackle this question head-on, in-between the humorous intakes of breath. Each of the family members sees their vision of life fall apart: the father sees the failure of his venture to promote his book; the uncle sees the vision of what he had lost come to life before him again; the son comes face to face with the prospect of a shattered dream, and there is a death in the family. Olive Hooper, protected from the harshness of their world, surprisingly becomes the one that shows them the light in it. The son, who worships Nietzsche and sees the final end to his dream, finally and completely rejects everything—his family and his life. Only the quiet gesture of his sister makes him realize that the trip is not about him, or his troubles. But her. And she was willing to sacrifice that time for him. When the mother, seeing her world start to come to pieces, finds support in the hug of her family, and her child. The father, coming to a point where he could choose to shatter his child's dream—knowing that he has, once and for all, been defeated—chooses instead to throw his worries away and join in the crazed merriment of his family. If one was to watch the movie, and look for something better that would come the main characters' way, they would find the end underachieving. The family remains subdued, dysfunctional, and a failure in each of their respective right. There is, however, something different indeed—for by the end we learn that while each of us has dreams, we do not need to place standards of happiness on attaining them—we can be happy in being with family, being ourselves. It's not the accomplishment of something, but the journey taken in its accomplishment that is important. In the end, happiness is not a state which we seek to attain—but a choice to be content with wherever we are. We could all take a cue on Olive. In the face of the troubles and misadventures of her family, the loss, and the pain each is faced with, she never loses the sunny disposition. And when she does lose it, everyone pitches in to rouse her from her gloom. It's because the inspiration for them to keep going, and to keep living.

Prometheus Bound vs. A dolls house essays

Prometheus Bound vs. A doll's house essays Through dramatic playwriting history there have been none better than Henrik Ibsen and Aeschylus. Each of these writers brought out what they experienced in life to be made into intricate plays for an audience to experience. In each of these respected writers times, they wrote certain dramas that stood out above the rest. During the period of Aeschylus, all but seven of his screen writes have been lost over the years since his time, 455 B.C. Prometheus Bound was one of the fortune dramatic plays to survive the years. As for Ibsen, A Dolls House, was a groundbreaking play in 1879. Through the work of Aeschylus, he is credited for the introduction of a second actor, which brought possibilities for flexible dramatic action and dialogue. Thus paving the way for an antagonist and protagonist conflict. Through each of the authors characters, Prometheus and Nora, they would represent how people can fall as victims of society. Out of the survived Prometheus Bound play (Aeschylus 4), Prometheus portrays a trickster figure, trapped in the world of selfish gods ruled by Zeus. For his disobedience toward the words by Zeus not to help mankind, Prometheus is bound to a rock. Might and Violence, Zeuss henchmen, are the ones who carry out Zeus orders to bind Prometheus to this rock. Prometheus can forth see his destiny because Prometheus is a titan or the race of the old gods, blessed with the gift of prophecy by his mother Themis. Prometheus gave man fire, sacred to the gods, denied to man by Zeuss command. So Prometheus stole the gods blessed gift of fire and gave it to man, suffering the consequences of it by being chained to a rock. Stuck in Zeuss over controlling grasp, Prometheus went to vast lengths to help out the human race. Since Prometheus can prophesize the future one day Zeus will need him, but no help will be granted until he is freed and paid just compensation for all of his suffering. As the ...

The Relationship Between Robinson Crusoe and Friday (Review) Essays

The Relationship Between Robinson Crusoe and Friday (Review) Essays The Relationship Between Robinson Crusoe and Friday (Review) Essay The Relationship Between Robinson Crusoe and Friday (Review) Essay Name: David Wang Student No: 0919112022 Class : B Date : Oct 28th,2011 Submitted to: Miss Li Lin The relationship between Robinson Crusoe and Friday The relationship between Robinson Crusoe and Friday has been examined eagerly yet diversely by a number of critics, especially in recent times. Some say their relationship certainly seems to be like brothers, who go through thick and thin together; Some other comment that Crusoe and Friday have a similar relationship to that of a father and son. Despite of all that’s been mentioned above, I have been given, as many others have been given, the impression that Crusoe is the Master and that Friday is merely the servant who is to serve his Master for as long as he lives. This mater-servant perspective of relationship is stated over and over in the novel, for example, I [Crusoe] made him know his Name should be Friday †¦ I likewise taught him to say Master, and then let him know, that was to be my Name Friday, who is merely a servant, is never told about Crusoe’s real name, which manifests a certain hierarchy system, i. e. Crusoe is the master and relatively he is â€Å"higher† than Friday, who willingly serves Crusoe. During that era, slaves were named by their colonial masters and this picture is painted out well in the novel when Crusoe names Friday â€Å"Friday†, without considering what his actual name might be. Friday, regardless to this, takes this relationship well, though it’s just, ironically, a master-servant one and he actually welcomes and embraces it in a heavenly thankful manner and displays this affection to the relationship so well that Crusoe takes it as a submission to servitude as it is narrated â€Å" he knelt down again, kissed the Ground, and laid his Head upon the Ground, and taking me by the Foot, set my Foot upon his Head; this it seems was in token of swearing to be my Slave forever; this half of the sentence brings forth a strong manifestation of Friday yielding to â€Å"eternal slavery†, but the â€Å"external loyalty† to Friday himself and Crusoe, for the sake of being rescued by his forever master, Crusoe. When Friday’s evident submission is displayed, the first few thoughts that come to Crusoe’s mind, as Crusoe’s first reaction, were not negative: I took him up, and made much of him, and encouragd him all I could †¦ h e spoke some Words to me, and though I could not understand them, yet I thought they were pleasant to hear However, how Crusoe reacted may be due to his merely wanting to have another human companion with him and to relieve him of the many years in solitude: for they were the first sound of a Mans Voice, that I had heard, my own excepted, for above Twenty Five Years. After Crusoe makes sure that all the other savages are dead, takes Friday under his wing: I carried him not to my Castle, but quite away to my Cave, on the farther Part of the Island He feared drastically of being attacked during the night he was sleeping quarters away from Friday: I made a little Tent for him in the vacant Place between my two Fortifications †¦ I barred it up in the Night, taking in my Ladders too, so that Friday could no way come at me in the inside of my innermost Wall, without making so much Noise in getting over, that it must needs waken me It is extremely easily noticeable that Crusoe does no t fully trust Friday, having a similarity to the situation with the applying of a gun. At first, Cursoe prevail on Friday to believe that the gun is â€Å"some wonderful Fund of Death and Destruction†; this brings Friday acting very cautiously around the gun: As for the Gun itself, he would not so much as touch it for several Days after; but would speak to it, and talk to it, †¦ which, as I afterwards learnt of him, was to desire it not to kill him. This shows how â€Å"fully† (slightly) the master trusts his loyal servant, which often results in any master-servant relationship. But, still, there is a difference in this relationship where Cruse often gives positive comments about Friday while the reverse is everywhere: a comely handsome Fellow, perfectly well made; with straight strong Limbs †¦ tall and well-shaped †¦ He had a very good Countenance, not a fierce and surly Aspect; but seemed to have something very manly in his Face. To its readers’ surprise, Crusoe keeps on talking about Friday, but in a way that attempts to convince the reader that Friday is not what he is thought of, not a typical black person at the time. A majority of the black population is owned permanently and treated adversely by their European masters. South African then were regarded as if they were dirt or a species lower than animals. Cursoe tries to bring people to believe that Friday is not from that black population and is therefore trying to give a lift to Friday’s level in the hierarchy of people. he had all the Sweetness and Softness of an European à ¢â‚¬ ¦ His Hair was long and black, not curld like Wool †¦ The Colour of his Skin was not quite black, but very tawny; and yet not of an ugly yellow nauseous tawny, as the Brazilians, and Virginians, and other Natives of America are; but of a bright kind of a dun olive Colour †¦ his Nose small, not flat like the Negroes †¦ Teeth well set, and white as Ivory. All the evidences that have been gone through above are what I have picked from pages 203 to 213; through all these pages, Crusoe and Friday build their relationship with each other, supporting my view that Crusoe and Friday have a relationship where the master concerns about the only servant he has while slightly dominating the servant at the same time.

Assignment /4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

/4 - Assignment Example No matter how good grammatical and phonetic skills of a speaker are, without developed lexical skills it is hard to build sentences and comprehend messages, whether oral or written. When one learns a new word and starts using it in speech, he/she might notice that this word appears more often in oral and written contexts. This phenomenon is not unique to learners of a second language and frequently happens in ones native language context as well. In case a learner starts using new word often he/she cant help ignoring the new word in every cluster of speech that contains the word. The thing is the new word could have been often overlooked by the learner before he/she fully understood the meaning of the word and learned to identify different connotations of such a word within a specific context. In my opinion, noticing the new word more often, both in oral and written contexts, depends largely on the learners perception. A learner starts recognizing the new word and pays attention to its specific meaning when he/she knows its general meaning. For instance, the word "destination" can have lots of connotations, such as a goal or a mission, but a learner frequently uses this word only in a specific context and doesnt notice using it much. Thus, one tracks the word down every time he/she experiences the new connotation of the word. This, in turn, builds up the feeling that such a word is more frequently used by other speakers than before. As a matter of fact, people always tend to identify things they know something about in the first place and neglect things they know little or nothing about. The same is true when it comes to the learning and using of new words, both in a native language and in a second language

The future of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Dissertation

The future of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - Dissertation Example Experts suggest that the energy industry takes a step towards this, because if they concentrate on making sustainable energy resources, they could play a crucial role in conserving energy (Williams, pp. 23-25, 2002). Thus, this has become a priority amongst car builders, manufacturers, and other people responsible. They are now concentrating on creating automobiles that will be most helpful in sustaining energies. Thus, the proposed research would be one small but significant step towards these efforts. Research Statement In this regard, the researcher will endeavor on the below-mentioned research statement to fulfill the aims and objectives of the research: â€Å"To identify and analyze the future of Liquefied Petroleum Gas in the energy market globally† LITERATURE REVIEW A study conducted by Qi, Bian, Ma, Zhang & Liu (2006) found out that Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a viable option and solution to the increasing pollution in China. Widespread use of LPG would mean that the country would emit lesser pollutants and dangerous gases due to the consumption of diesel and petrol based fuels. However, the study also recommended that for ensuring LPG has a bright future, experts will have to work to reduce the effects of one major disadvantage caused by LPG, and that be of the high auto-ignition temperature. The study experiments with the effects of replacing a diesel based automobiles with LPG-Diesel blended fuels at various blended rates that are 0 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent, 30 percent and 40 percent. The effects that were under examination were related to the engine performance and exhaust emissions that revealed that the effects on engine performance did not witness any significant impact; however, with increased LPG volume, the emission of sulfur and carbon oxides did decrease dramatically. Important here to note is that these findings are not in line with the findings of various other studies which have believed that LPG use as a car fuel incre ases hydrocarbon emissions (Gilbert & Perl, pp. 74-78, 2008; Song, Hsu, & Mochida, pp. 52-58, 2000). The Indian scientists, Ahuja, Dash & Shrivastava (2011) under the umbrella of â€Å"Department of Burns, Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Microvascular Surgery† in a recent research have revealed that LPG cylinders used for cooking are much safer in Indian households as compared to other means used for cooking. Furthermore, most of the LPG related incidents, which were reported in Indian households over the past 17 months, were in majority a result of negligence and inability to take care of the instruments. The study took into account various factors such as â€Å"age, gender, religion, socioeconomic status, literacy level, type of family unit, marital status, type of dwelling unit, mode of injury and its exact mechanism, place of incident, level of cooking stove, extent of burns† (Ahuja, Dash, & Shrivastava, 2011). In addition, some of the other factors were â€Å"presenc e of features of inhalation injury, number of patients affected in a single mishap, size of Liquified Petroleum Gas cylinder used, length of hospital stay and mortality† (Ahuja, Dash, & Shrivastava, 2011). Towards, the end it concluded that it is much safer for the lower and middle class Indian households, which are using kerosene related instruments for cooking. Therefore, the provincial governments should giver subsidy on the Liquified