Differences Between Classical Economics And Neoclassical...

There are many differences between mainstream economics/neoclassical economics and political economics. Currently, mainstream and neoclassical economics are the dominant approach in economics. They use math to prove theories and to forecast events. If someone progresses as an economics major, they will enroll in statistic classes and econometrics, which is more quantitative. Since mainstream and neoclassical economics are more measurable, there is a higher chance for error. In order to ensure the work is scholarly, it is important to make sure one confirms their calculations. Furthermore, in neoclassical economics, there are many more assumptions. An assumption is an â€Å"if† statement that many economists use to explain their thoughts.†¦show more content†¦Conservative, radical and liberal economists would respond to this topic in a variety of ways. Liberals can’t agree with economic stability, as they want wealth spread out equally among the population. They also don’t like the byproducts of economic growth, such as pollution. A liberal economist would want to have government intervention, so they can help pass laws on climate change. A liberal economist goal would be to set restrictions on pollution in order to mitigate climate change. A liberal focuses on future generations and how today s society can save the climate for one s kids and future generations. A Conservative ideology is that people take advantage of government aid, and therefore refuse to seek employment. In addition, they don’t feel government regulations are necessary and run on the assumption that the markets are perfect. A conservative economist would reduce environmental regulations. Their mindset is that it s not vital to worry about future generations. They are mainly focused on the present and have the mentality that the byproducts of production are not an issue to the environment. They disagree with the liberal party, mainly due to the fact that t hey view climate change as something we shouldn t worry about. As seen in the news, Trump is a great example of a conservative economist. He withdrew the U.S from the Paris climate agreement. He doesn’t want restrictions holding back businesses. If there were restrictions on climate changeShow MoreRelatedEconomic Growth Theories and Models, A section of a Research Paper1524 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature review Classical Theory of Economic Growth Harrod Domar Growth Model The Neoclassical growth Model Empirical literature 2.1 Theoretical Literature The long history of ideas on economic growth started from the classical economists like Adam Smith, Robert Malthus, Ricardo and Marx. For more than three decades the Neoclassical and the Endogenous Growth theories were arguing and forwarding economic reasons on trend of economic growth through investment as a general and private investmentRead MoreThe Political Economy Of Communication792 Words   |  4 Pagesits origin in Greek and inspiration from the Classical Political Economy. Apart from the Classical Political Economy, this essay also describes other forms of this approach, such as Critical Political Economy and Neoclassical Political Economy. Latter the characteristics of political economy study are also discussed based on Vincent Mosco’s work in the 1990s. The part of communication starts by defining the concept of communication in a political-economic way. To understand deeply the political economyRead MoreExamples Of Neoclassical Organizational Theory909 Words   |  4 PagesNeoclassical model: Over time, researchers began to challenge the previous scholars that came before them and began to develop perspectives that moved away from the mechanistic views of classical organizational theory in which human beings act as different parts to that machine to an approach that attempts to account for internal and external environments. This multi-dimension approach is considered an intellectual merger of most prior schools of thought beginning with neoclassical. NeoclassicalRead MoreThe United States Of Inequality Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesrealities we face in our country today, with regards to income inequality. Income inequality in the United States is at a rise. And the sobering factor is that so little is being done to address this issue. According to a new study by researchers at the Economic Policy Institute, forces of rising inequality are operating at an all-time high throughout the United States. The study, â€Å"which measures income inequality by state, metro area and county, shows that inequality has risen in every state since the 1970sRead MoreClassical Vs. Neoclassical Theory1846 Words   |  8 Pagesof political economy and mainstream economics, however, in today’s context it is not often discussed. This being true, the debate surrounding value and how to define it remains an important one for today’s society. The debate when looked at from the classical and neoclassical perspective centres on whether value is inherent or whether it is an outcome of human desires, comparing Ricardo’s labour theory of value and Smith’s adding up theory with the neoclassical school’s focus on demand and supplyRead MoreThe Strength of Competitive Analysis905 Words   |  4 Pagesand its differences from the neoclassical competition theory, the limitations of the proposition will be discussed. A NEW APPROACH TO COMPETITION: Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition (CATC) Hunt and Morgans CATC is drawn on the evolving resource-based theory of competition, the studies on marketing and industrial organization economics, the theory of competitive rationality form Austrian economists and the theory of differential advantage from marketing and economics. (Hunt,Read MoreWhy Are Some Countries Rich While Others Poor?1502 Words   |  7 Pagesothers poor. This is a question about economic growth. Take Korea for example. Korea had been divided into North and South Korea since 1948. These two countries share nearly the same geography, history and culture. However, the GDP per capita in the South Korea is only 3.22% of the South Korea. Another phenomenon is that the rapid growth had been observed in East Asian in recent years. This is another key economic issue: whether the growth rate of poor economics are higher than developed ones and whichRead MoreThe Theory Of Economic Growth Theory1703 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature review As an important and popular issue in the field of economic research, it attracts many economists and there are many models to explain economic growth. In the history of the development of economic growth theories, there are three important stages which are the Classical Growth theory, the Neoclassical Growth theory and the Endogenous Growth theory. To start with, the Classical Growth theory is based on the Keynesian theory and the representative one is the Harrod–Domar model. ItRead MoreTenets of Neoclassical Economy2154 Words   |  9 Pagesacademic essay is to discuss the main tenets of neoclassical economic liberalism, explain whether less developed countries should entirely depend on developed countries not and give the reasons. According to Schumpeter (1954), the classical school of economics was developed in the 1750 and lasted as the mainstream of economic thought until the late 1800. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nation book published in 1776 can be used as the formal beginning of classical economics but it actually evolved over a period ofRead MoreEntrepreneurship Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesentrepreneurship from Cantillon emphasis on taking risk to venture into a business. Van Praag (2005) divides entrepreneurship concept into five different groups which are classical approach, neoclassical approach, Schumpeterian, Knightian, and neo-Austrian approach. Each concept will be discussed separately. 3.1 The classical approach According to van Praag (2005) the famous French economist, Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832) seemed to be the first expert who added managerial role into entrepreneur

The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1488 Words

The True Contemporary In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letter becomes more poignant. The acknowledgement of the letter and her sins, removes the subconscious power that it holds over her and in determining who she is. While exploring the obedience of her society under the rules and regulations of the Bible. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s depiction of Hester Prynne makes her a true contemporary of the 17th century. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter, shares revolutionary new ideas about independence, and the struggles that women were faced with in 17th century Boston, Massachusetts. Hester s constant struggle to discover where she belongs within the Puritan community changes throughout the novel, and so does her relationship towards the Puritan patriarchal authority. The narrator presents Hester as submissive and well-aware of her guilt in accepting her punishment. In the 1850’s when the novel was published, feminism was not widely supported. She only acted upon what she wanted, like her sexual desires; despiteShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, bein g a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of his anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statementsRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1172 Words   |  5 Pagesfreedom, peace, and introspection. However, until the last century, the wilderness was often regarded with fear and resentment. Written long before John Muir and the conservation movement, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was well ahead of its time for its depiction of wilderness. In The Scarlet Letter, Arthur Dimmesdale leaves the beaten path and seeks refuge in the forest. There, he gains the strength and willpower to throw off seven years of hopelessness and take his fate into his own hands

Promissory Estoppel and Contract Law

Question: Discuss what the term sufficient means in this context and whether the statement is accurate in regards to Australian contract law.? Answer: The modern doctrine of consideration originated from the judgment of Lush J in the case of Currie v Misa ((1875) LR 10 EX 153) where he defined consideration as: some interest, profit, right or benefit accrued to one party or some loss, forbearance, responsibility or detriment either undertaken, suffered or given by the other person. This definition introduced the notion of consideration to be no promise can be made enforceable unless the promisee has agreed to give something in exchange of the promise. The doctrine of consideration emerged in England in the 19th century. Whilst the exact origin of the doctrine cannot be recognized categorically, the roots of the concept can be outlined from the medieval times. It is of great importance that the doctrine of the consideration has been recognized by law as a promise which itself is a valid consideration for another partys promise. The concept of the doctrine has been adopted in Australia from the year 1788. Consideration is defined as a price for a promise made by the promissor to the promisee. Consideration is considered as an essential element to form a valid contract[1]. It makes the contract legally binding and enforceable by law. Sir Francis Pollock defines consideration as the promise is the price for which the promise of the other is procured and the promise made for the price is enforceable[2]. The doctrine of consideration must be sufficient and need not be adequate. Sufficiency and adequacy, in simple words, have similar meanings. However, in the legal parlance, the term adequacy signifies those situations where the price paid by a party is not proportionate to the price of what the party gets in exchange. A consideration is said to be sufficient in the legal parlance, it must be of some monetary value. A consideration besides amounting to monetary value, a consideration must be enough to be enforceable and recognized by law[3]. The doctrine of consideration must be made by the promisee but it may not e ssentially move to the promisor. Consideration is often proved to be more beneficial to the promissor or in other words, it is detrimental to the promisee. The consideration doctrine is defined as the price demanded by the promisor in return of the promise made to the promisee. The term price needs not include money; it may include intangible benefits as well. Consideration forms an essential element for a validating a contract[4]. The significance of a consideration in a contract is two-fold. Firstly, it acts as an evidential function that prevents commission of fraud that would have otherwise taken place had verbal promises were enforceable[5]. Secondly, it prevents the parties to the contract to make any casual promises instead; it includes promises that have a certain value[6]. In Currie v. Missa it was observed by the court that consideration must include something that is valuable in the eyes of law made from the promise. It must be beneficial to the plaintiff and detrimental to the defendant but in all circumstances, the promise or the plaintiff must make the consideration. Consideration may be defined as a price for which the promise of another party is purchased. There are four essential elements associated with the doctrine of Consideration. They are: consideration must not be adequate, it must be sufficient; performance of a legal duty is not consideration; past consideration is not good consideration; half payment of a debt is not good consideration. The rule that consideration has emphasized on the principle that consideration need not be adequate; it is valid if it is sufficient. This concept becomes evident if the decisions between the Chappel case and Ward v. Byham where it was stated by the court that the chocolate wrappers and a promise to satisfy a child both amounts to sufficient consideration. A consideration is said to be sufficient if the consideration posses economic value and is enforceable by law. However, several instances render a consideration inadequate in the judicial system. Such instances may include ethical duty, natural affection and love, requests made by either of the parties to the contract[7]. The most important feature of the doctrine of consideration is that there is no need for a consideration to be adequate; it is valid if it is sufficient to bind the parties to the contract legally. Consideration having monetary value and enforceable by law is considered to be sufficient in the eyes of law. In the case of Chappell co ltd, the facts of the case were such that Nestle made an advertisement that the customers shall be provided with a copy of musical records if the customers send three wrappers of the Nestle chocolate in 1/6 D together. The sellers of the musical record argued that the value was to be calculated on the 1/6 D in addition to the price of the wrappers. Nestle argued that the packaging had no price attached to them. The House of lord held that the covering were part of the consideration price. The consideration included both the purchasing of the chocolate for the covering and the payment of the price which attaches to value to Nestle. In this case, although the price value of the chocolate wrappers was disregarded, but since it was agreed upon that the wrappers of the chocolate could be held as a valid consideration the contract became legally binding. Another rule that makes a consideration inadequate is the performance of any duty, which the party is otherwise legally bound to do. In the case of Collins v. Godefoy the plaintiff provided proof at a civil trial after he was served a subpoena where the defendant agreed to pay the plaintiff a certain amount of money as the plaintiffs fee. However, the court held that the plaintiff is not allowed to recover the fee amount, as there was no consideration made for the promise and the plaintiff was lawfully bound to attend the trial as per the subpoena served upon him. It simple amounted to performing a legal obligation that the plaintiff was already lawfully bound to do. Again, if the plaintiff is bound legally by the terms and conditions of an existing contract and he makes another promise to perform the previous promise, the court considers such consideration inadequate. In Re Wilson, the court observed that promises made out of natural love and affection are the kind of promises that are made within a family and such promises do not confer adequate consideration in the creation of a contract. Further, the rule related to the concept of consideration is that a consideration is not a good consideration. It must be made either after a promise is made or with the promise itself. If the consideration stipulated in the contract has been fulfilled prior to the promise, the promise becomes unenforceable as it becomes a past promise[8]. It simply contemplates that if the consideration is already fulfilled then there is nothing left to be given in exchange for the promise made. In Eastwood v. Kenyon (1840), a warden took loan for raising a girl. After her nuptial, the spouse of the girl promised to pay-off the loan but such promise becomes unenforceable as the consideration is a past consideration and cannot be enforced upon the husband. However, there is an exception to this theory where past consideration is regarded as good consideration provided such consideration is made at the promisors request; the parties comprehended that they would become entitle to remuneration; if the p romise was made prior to the act the promise would have been recognized by law. The principle that consideration moves from the promise to the promisee denotes that the burden is on the promise to establish that they have provided consideration in return of the promise made to them by the promisor in order to make the contract enforceable. This rule was recognized in the context of the case of Williams v. Roffey that enabled the courts to be certain about which of the recipient of the promise would be liable to perform the promise. Executory and executed consideration is a method where the plaintiff buys the promise or the offer of the defendant. Executor consideration may be defined as a return promise made by the defendant in exchange for the promise made by the plaintiff. In other words, any agreement that is intended to have effect in the future is termed as executory agreements. In case of executed considerations, either of the party executes his part of the promise in the contract and the other party has not executed his promise, and hence his promise remains to be executed that in the future[9]. Part-payment of a debt is not regarded as a good consideration whereas part-performance of an existing contractual duty is considered as a good consideration as stated in Stilk v. Myrick (1809). The payment of a lesser amount by the promisee does not exempt him from performing his part of the obligation to make the full payment in return for the promise made by the promissor. The payment of smaller sum is not considered as a good consideration as by making part payments of the debt the promise is performing the existing contractual duty that is due to be paid by him to the promissor. This rule has originated in the Pinnels case or Pinnel v. Cole (1602). In the case, Cole owed Pinnel a certain sum of money out of which he only made half payment and Pinnel accepted the same in full settlement of the debt. Pinnel afterwards, brought a legal suit against Cole for the remaining due amount[10]. It was held that part payment is not a good consideration in itself. However, later, it was held that if the debtor accepted the part payment the agreement would bind the debtor legally at the request of the creditor subject to the condition that fresh consideration had been included. The rule laid down in the Pinnels case was ultimately reaffirmed in the case of Foakes v. Beer. The facts of the case was such that the parties entered into an agreement that Foakes would pay $500 to Beer in part payment and the balnce amount shall be pain in installments subject to the condition that Beer would not bring any legal action against Foakes. However, Foaks initiated legal proceedings against Beer in order to recover the interests on the debt amount. It was held that the agreement could be enforced only if there was any consideration. The only consideration that was made was the payment of $500 that was already due and so it became a past consideration, which is not considered to be a good consideration. The remaining balance that was to be paid in installments cannot form a considera tion unless the payment of the $500 amounted to be a consideration. According to the rule laid down under the Pinnels case any payment of a lesser amount do not constitute a good consideration for a promise and the remaining amount cannot be claimed. Hence, it was established that fraction payment of a debt is not consideration for a creditor to promise that the remaining or the due amount shall not be claimed. There are certain exceptions applicable to the Pinners Rule: if the lesser amount is paid in prior to the promise made and the creditor accepts the same in the full payment of the arrears. If the less amount is paid in the form of an thing or object which is accepted by the creditor in settlement; if the lesser amount is paid along with the thing or object that is acceptable by the creditor. If a third party makes the payment of the lesser sum. If the promisor and the promisee enters into an arrangement where the the debtor promises to make part-payment to the creditor in exchange of a promise by the creditor that he will not sue the debtor for the full payment of the amount, the lesser amount paid shall extinguish the entire debt. The doctrine of Equitable or Promissory Estoppel is another exception to the Pinners rule and is referred to as the rule in the High Trees Case. The doctrine denotes that where parties enter into legal relationship and either of them makes a promise that is intended to affect their legal relationship and the other party is required to rely upon such promise[11]. Once the other party relies and acts upon the promise and it changes their legal position, the party who made the promise cannot say that they had a different legal relationship, that is, the party cannot deny the promise he made[12]. This doctrine enables to make a promise without any consideration lawfully binding as stated in Combe V. Combe. Thus, this doctrine restricts a person from returning to the belief that he made the other person to believe in[13]. The law of contracts states that for a contract to be enforceable by law, it must include certain essential elements[14]. There must be an offer made by a party to another party indicating a willingness to enter into a contract. The other party must accept such offer as without an acceptance of an offer a contract cannot be formed. A contract to be valid must have a consideration as it binds the parties to the contract legally. To enforce a contract the parties must also possess an intention to make the contract legally effective. The final essential element to make a contract valid is the capacity of the parties to enter into a contract. From the above discussion, it can be stated that in the contemporary business activities, consideration remains to be an imperative element in the formation of a valid contract as it ensures that the parties entering into the contract must have a sufficient consideration and they possess legal intentions to bind the contract. The purpose behind the necessity of the parties to the contract to have legal intentions is to make the contract legally effective. In Williams v. Roffey Bros, the approach adopted by Russel LJ was to make consideration a part of the intention of the parties to establish legal relations. It has always been argued that good consideration must be something that has a legal benefit but in this case it was held that good consideration shall be deemed as practical benefit. The essential exception to the doctrine of consideration has been recognized to be the doctrine of Promissory Estoppel. In Australia, the doctrine has developed certain pre-conditions following the case of Walton Stores. It is unreasonable for the courts to attach certain value to the services and goods and it must be left to the parties to the contract to settle on the value to be attached to the services or goods in order to determine whether a consideration is good or inadequate[15]. As stated by Lord Mansfield, a robe; a hawk; a goblet; a tom-ti, if he chooses to regard it as good consideration. As long as the consideration made by the promisee is acceptable by the promisor, anything can be regarded as a good consideration, held in the case of Thomas v. Thomas. Reference Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Alden, Eric. "Promissory Estoppel and the Origins of Contract Law."Browser Download This Paper(2016). Butler, Desmond, et al. "Contract Law Case Book." (2013). Carter, John. "Good Faith in Contract: Why Australian Law is Incoherent." (2014). Cartwright, John.Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. DiMatteo, Larry A. "Pre-contractual Liability in the Common Law."International Sales Law. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Co. KG, 2016. Goldberger, Jeffrey. "Estoppel and contract."Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia29.3 (2015): 16. Gupta, R. K. "Promissory estoppel and legtimate expectation a comparative study." (2015). Hughes, Will, Ronan Champion, and John Murdoch.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge, 2015. Kane, James. "The Rule in Pennel's Case: The Case for Repeal, a Mistaken Preponderance and Finding Consideration in Debt Renegotiations."Dublin ULJ37 (2014): 79. Keyes, Mary, and Therese Wilson.Codifying Contract Law: International and Consumer Law Perspectives. Routledge, 2016. Parkinson, Patrick, and Judy Cashmore. "Reforming Relocation Law: An Evidence?Based Approach."Family Court Review53.1 (2015): 23-39. Robertson, Andrew. "Three Models of Promissory Estoppel."Browser Download This Paper(2014). Turner, Chris.Key Cases: Contract Law. Routledge, 2014. [1] Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. [2] Hughes, Will, Ronan Champion, and John Murdoch.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge, 2015. [3]Turner, Chris.Key Cases: Contract Law. Routledge, 2014. [4] Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. [5] Cartwright, John.Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. [6] Butler, Desmond, et al. "Contract Law Case Book." (2013). [7]Keyes, Mary, and Therese Wilson.Codifying Contract Law: International and Consumer Law Perspectives. Routledge, 2016. [8] Goldberger, Jeffrey. "Estoppel and contract."Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia29.3 (2015): 16. [9] DiMatteo, Larry A. "Pre-contractual Liability in the Common Law."International Sales Law. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Co. KG, 2016. [10]Kane, James. "The Rule in Pennel's Case: The Case for Repeal, a Mistaken Preponderance and Finding Consideration in Debt Renegotiations."Dublin ULJ37 (2014): 79. [11]Robertson, Andrew. "Three Models of Promissory Estoppel."Browser Download This Paper(2014). [12] Gupta, R. K. "Promissory estoppel and legtimate expectation a comparative study." (2015). [13]Alden, Eric. "Promissory Estoppel and the Origins of Contract Law."Browser Download This Paper(2016). [14]Parkinson, Patrick, and Judy Cashmore. "Reforming Relocation Law: An Evidence?Based Approach."Family Court Review53.1 (2015): 23-39. [15] Carter, John. "Good Faith in Contract: Why Australian Law is Incoherent." (2014).

Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature Essay Example

Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature Essay Even though the authors were contemporaries for a period of time, Dickinson and Crane were influenced by the prevalent literary movements of their times-Romanticism and Naturalism, respectively-and their views of nature were shaped accordingly, understandably differing quite a bit. The societies in which Huck Finn and Edna Pontellier lived are naturally the first aspect of said journeys that needs to be examined, for they had been the cause of the problem in both cases. While both lived in the countrys south Huck in Missouri and Edna in Louisiana, their stories are set in somewhat different times, and different central issues are present. Hucks story is set in the pre-civil war 1830s, a time when slavery, racism and inequality were abound, yet were not considered a thing out of the norm. All social institutions and authority figures in Hucks surroundings were accepting of the reality, and as a result, his innate values found nothing morally wrong with the situation, and his personal journey (combined with the literal one) resulted in a change of this perception. We will write a custom essay sample on Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If one were to mark the start of this inner journey, it would probably be best illustrated by Hucks exclamation of genuine shock Jim! (Baym 245), when the runaway slave tells him that he is, indeed, a runaway slave. In this exclamation lie the values Huck starts out with, the thought that Jim, who is lawful property of Miss Watson, did something horrible to her by running away. Change can begin to be spotted when Huck realizes that people are looking for Jim and says Git up and hum yourself, Jim! There aint a minute to lose. Theyre after us! (Baym 257). Its this us that shows the change in Hucks perception People in fact are after Jim, not them. Similarly, Edna Pontelliers surrounding society and its description in the beginning of The Awakening serve to illustrate what she starts out with. The aristocratic Louisiana Creole society of the 1890s was male-dominant, but not so much in a forcible sense as in the sense that women were expected to do as their husbands say and were expected to follow a certain unwritten code of unquestionable obedience. Chopin presents this rather openly, when describing the other women in the novel They were women who idolized their children, worshipped their husbands, and esteemed it a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels. (Baym 638). This was the ideal woman of the time and place, something that Edna Pontellier was not, as is evident from her husbands reprimanding of her for neglecting the children (Baym 637) in the beginning already. Thus, Edna starts out with a phantom acceptance of her cultures values, but her awakening is triggered by that summer spent on Grand Isle and a major change is brought about, in the form of Ednas quest for the freedom of being herself in life (Baym 643). A process similar in sequence to what happened to Huck. At this point, the inner journeys for both characters begin to speed up, and the significance of the revelations they make increases. Huck and Jim set out on their journey down the Mississippi on their raft, and its in the process of this journey that Huck changes, mainly due to his discovering of things about Jim that he did not consider possible before. Although its only the case of one person now, Jim, these discoveries register as discoveries about a larger group of people in Hucks mind black slaves. When on one occasion he tricked Jim and made him feel extremely bad, it took Huck fifteen minutes to finally manage to bring himself to apologize before a black person. Even though it was something not innate to his values, he did it, and didnt feel sorry he did as much as he felt surprised that Jim indeed was hurt, and therefore had emotions too (Baym 272). What Huck considered right still gave him no rest, for he was doing something very wrong by helping Jim in his escape, this perhaps is his central internal conflict. When Jim talks of stealing his children from their owner, it shocks Huck even more, and he is disappointed to hear such talk from Jim (Baym 281, 282), yet, it eventually makes him realize that black people too have families, and that they feel attached to them just as white people are to theirs. This realization is a big surprise for Huck, because it undermines all the values he has been taught by life in the south black people are human. A central internal conflict is what happens to Edna as well, although it is different in nature. The seed of this conflict can be located in something she says to Madame Ratignolle, her model Creole woman friend: I would give up the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for the children; but I wouldnt give myself. (Baym 669, 670). Of course, the only one who understood these words to some degree at least was Edna herself, only she realizes what the summer spent on Grand Isle with Robert, before he left to Mexico, triggered in her a big resentment of everything she was forced into, and a discovery of certain parts of her psyche that she did not know even existed. As they return to New Orleans, it worries Ednas husband that she abandons all of her housekeeping responsibilities and just generally defies him as he tells it to the family doctor who he came for advice to (Baym 684). As soon as Mr. Pontellier leaves for yet another business trip, Edna automatically feels better about everything in her life, and As she snuggled comfortably beneath the eiderdown a sense of restfulness invaded her, such as she had not known before. (Baym 690). It can be clearly understood from this that Ednas husbands mere presence created negative emotions, probably because of the constant authority he has always had over her. Both Huck and Edna have at this point discovered very significant new things, but they have been in discoveries in slightly different directions. In Hucks case, it was mainly about the outside world, but it nevertheless triggered a change of perception in him. We can see that Huck is not of ill moral character, he has a general sense of what is right and what is wrong, part of which would still fit even our times. This is evident from his decision to help Mary Jane and her sisters reclaim the money that the frauds robbed them of (Baym 342). Yet, at several points throughout his journey down the river with Jim, he has pondered the option of notifying Miss Watson of the whereabouts of her property, and therefore turning Jim in, because according to what he has been taught, it would be the right thing to do. Huck soundly believes that if he doesnt do it, he will go to hell as punishment for his crime, because thats what the church and Sunday school of the south taught him. Perhaps the most significant turning point is his decision to defy these teachings All right, then, Ill go to hell (Baym 359), he said as he tore up the letter of notification he meant to send to Miss Watson. He still considers himself wicked, although evidently, he has placed Jims value to him as his friend higher than Jim being a runaway slave, or maybe a decision that slavery is indeed wrong, although the reader is not told of it. This is the culmination of Hucks inner journey, and from now on, he acts according to his new convictions (doing all he can to free Jim). When in the novels end Aunt Sally plans to adopt him yet again, he is not accepting of it, perhaps because he feels that he would be unable to fall back into southern life with the new knowledge he has acquired, and decides to take off for Indian territories (Baym 407). Similarly, Edna has been subject to certain realizations that alter her perception of herself and the world around her, making her act accordingly. She is shocked at the feelings that a kiss from Alci e Arobin arouses in her It was the first kiss of her life to which her nature had really responded. It was a flaming torch that kindled desire. (Baym 698). She was a married woman, and yet she had never experienced true passion for her husband as much as she did for this man she barely knew. Her societal values blare out that it is wrong, yet she feels no remorse, and that upsets her even more (Baym 698). From this sudden revelation of a new aspect of herself and on, Edna, in a sense just like Huck, slowly realizes that with her newly acquired knowledge there will never be place for her in the present society. She becomes self-possessed enough that she in a way declares her newly acquired values to Robert, the one who triggered it all in the first place I give myself where I choose. And this declaration obviously frightens Robert, he isnt so sure he can deal with such a woman what he knows and believes in does not equal to this declaration of Ednas (Baym 716). He leaves her behind with a simple note: I love you. Good-by, because I love you. (Baym 720). Edna now knows that she can never again be her old, pretentious self. Not with what she has awakened to, and not in this closed and not understanding society. There were no Indian territories for her to take off for, and she therefore decides to do the only thing that would equal to true freedom in her situation she swims far out into the ocean and to her death (Baym 723). While the two journeys examined above differed significantly in their outward content, some very similar elements have been observed. In their core, both Huck and Edna discovered things that in their essence were opposed to society, its customs, or its teachings. And, in both cases, they pursued their new knowledge and stuck to what they thought was right and best. Both characters were exceptionally brave, and faced their inner conflicts successfully.